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Introduction to Laravel ArtisanWeb development, programming languages, Software testing & others
What is Laravel Artisan?
Laravel Artisan is one of the three command line interfaces found in the Laravel framework.
It is a helpful command line interface, assisting developers into developing applications though the numerous easy to read commands. One can also create custom codes in order to increase the efficiency of the applications.
But the efficacy of Artisan does not end here.
Developers can generate migrations, publish assets of packages and many similar tasks. Artisan has a whole lot of built in command which are a boon to the developer.
Though a whole lot generally work on custom commands, there are many who prefer the inbuilt ones.
php artisan list
This query will give a list of commands which certainly increases the efficiency of the entire process and saves a whole lot of time.
With these commands one can go ahead and create a plethora of functions, namely, controller, migration, create, mail, et al.
Laravel 3.7 was the initial offering from PHP and it was quite basic in its code structure. Though in spite of that, it had some excellent features to boot.
With the release of Laravel 5.7, added on to the newer sets of commands, some existing packages too are available.
Laravel 4, is primarily dependent on the Symfony framework.
How does Laravel Artisan work?
The Laravel Artisan serve command helps run application on the PHP Development Server.
A developer has the option to use Laravel Artisan serve for a variety of roles.
There are other two functions that the Laravel Artisan serve support. The change of application address by using the host and port.
The application’s port can be changed by using the port option.
The Laravel Artisan works in two ways, through the inbuilt commands and custom commands.
The Laravel Artisan has a robust set of inbuilt commands that can help one create a variety of functions.
On the other hand, developers also have the option of creating their custom made commands.
Example of Laravel ArtisanExample which will exemplify how a custom command can be created:
Create the custom command:
Execute the command on the terminal:
php artisan make:command CreateEmployeeNameA file is now created in the directory: app/console/Commands
The name of the file would be: CreateEmployeeName
The complete code would be:
<?php namespace AppConsoleCommands; use IlluminateConsoleCommand; class CreateEmployeeName extends Command { /** * The name and signature of the console command. * * @var string */ protected $user = 'command:name'; /** * The console command description. * * @var string */ protected $description = 'Command description'; /** * Create a new command instance. * * @return void */ public function __construct() { parent::__construct(); } /** * Execute the console command. * * @return mixed */ public function handle() { } }The immediate next step is to go ahead and update the Laravel command which we have just created.
While doing that a few queries have to defined for the command structure to properly function:
$user: Create admin
$description: Create the account of the user which would be having admin role.
The role field which is located in the user table also needs to be updated.
protected $commands = [ CommandsCreateEmployeeName::class, ];Once the chúng tôi has been updated, the custom command can now be run since it has become a part of the list. You can check the same by using the list command. However, if you still think this will work, you are wrong. It won’t. Commands work on logic, which has to be built.
Once the migration table is created update the model array:
protected $fillable = [ 'name', 'email', 'password', 'role' ];Now you can go ahead and update the handle() as per your wish:
Few quick examples to look at:
1. To begin a Laravel Artisan project
Code:
php artisan serveOutput:
2. To enable the caching mechanism
Code:
php artisan route:cache3. To view help, options and arguments
Code:
php artisan help serve4. Generating a new command class
Code:
php artisan make:console GoCommand ConclusionPHP Artisan has all the elements which will help the developer build a complete application. And as we have discussed, it is not simply limited to building of applications. One can do a host of other activities taking the help of the list of commands, that PHP Artisan holds. Also, with custom coding, the example of which we encountered above, this entire process of development becomes a lot more customized and personal. Needless to say, there is a rapid increase in the efficiency level too.
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Complete Guide On Loan Note With Working And Example
What is a Loan Note?
The term “loan note” refers to the contract between a lender and a borrower that clearly outlines the legal obligations of both parties involved in the transaction. It is also seen as the extended version of the IOU document between a lender and a borrower.
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How Does Loan Note Work?A loan note represents a legally binding contract between a borrower and a lender, with both parties committed to the terms and conditions outlined in the document. Either the borrower or lender can draw it up. Typically, either party can invoke the right to seek arbitration, as stated in a typical loan note, if they fail to meet any contractual obligations. In most cases, the lenders invoke the loan notes to recover their money when the borrower defaults.
When a loan note is signed, it is considered that both borrower and lender have read the entire document and agree to the legal terms and conditions cited in the note. Both parties should have notarized copies of the signed and original loan note. Given the stringent legal conditions, they should document all the transactions, disbursals, and repayment with a receipt.
Business loans
Purchases (car, furniture, etc.)
Real estate loans
Student loans
Lending to friends and family
Example of Loan NoteLet us look at an example to understand the concept. Recently, David approached a retail investor to lend him $200,000. Unfortunately, the investor is not a close acquaintance of David, so they don’t share a relationship of trust. However, the investor agreed to pay him the money subject to a loan note, safeguarding him against David’s inability to repay.
The loan note included the amount of the loan, interest rate charged, loan tenure, schedule of repayment, associated fines or penalties, and the course of action if David fails to repay the principal and interest on time. It also clearly outlined the loan disbursal schedule and repayment timeline. It is a legally binding agreement, so both parties must honor the document’s terms and conditions.
Advantages of Loan Note
It enables the lender to act, claim, and recover the loan amount if the borrower fails to pay it back within the prefixed timeline.
As it is legally enforceable, the lender can drag the borrower to court in the case of a default to safeguard its interest.
It considers a secured lending instrument while dealing with a large amount of money, especially if the borrower and the lender won’t have a longstanding relationship.
It secures the lender and helps claim the principal amount in case of bad debts.
Start-ups or new entrepreneurs usually use it to access seed capital from friends and family.
Individuals use it to avoid undue tax obligations due to a lump sum payment from a settlement or cash-out transaction.
It is issued to borrowers with a good credit rating leading to a healthy credit risk profile.
First, it is usually a lengthy and legally binding document, making it very difficult for the involved parties to read. However, failure to read thoroughly can get them into deeper trouble.
In some cases, it also includes early payment penalties that prevent the borrower from closing the loan account before its tenure.
Although it provides legal recourse for both parties, the legal reviews are time-consuming.
Key TakeawaysSome of the key takeaways of the article are:
It refers to the legally binding signed agreement between a borrower and a lender that outlines the commitments and obligations of both parties involved in the transaction.
A typical loan note includes all the terms & conditions of the loan, such as the amount of the loan, repayment schedule, loan tenure, interest rate, and fees & penalties.
This agreement is usually associated with business loans, purchasing cars or homes, student loans, or lending to friends and family.
It enables the lender to act, claim, and recover the loan amount if the borrower fails to pay it back within the prefixed timeline.
It is usually a very long document, making it very difficult to read and time-consuming. However, it is important to read the contract carefully as it is legally enforceable.
ConclusionSo, it can be seen that a loan note is usually issued when the loan amount is relatively on the higher side because it is considered a secured mode of lending. The legal contract safeguards the interest of the involved parties in the loan transaction, especially that of the lender. However, like any other financial instrument, it also has shortcomings that can be overcome to some extent through careful understanding of the terms and conditions of the note.
Recommended ArticlesWhat Is Recovery Testing? With Example
Recovery Testing
Recovery Testing is software testing technique which verifies software’s ability to recover from failures like software/hardware crashes, network failures etc. The purpose of Recovery Testing is to determine whether software operations can be continued after disaster or integrity loss. Recovery testing involves reverting back software to the point where integrity was known and reprocessing transactions to the failure point.
Recovery Testing ExampleWhen an application is receiving data from the network, unplug the connecting cable.
After some time, plug the cable back in and analyze the application’s ability to continue receiving data from the point at which the network connection was broken.
Restart the system while a browser has a definite number of sessions open and check whether the browser is able to recover all of them or not
In Software Engineering, Recoverability Testing is a type of Non- Functional Testing. (Non- functional testing refers to aspects of the software that may not be related to a specific function or user action such as scalability or security.)
The time taken to recover depends upon:
The number of restart points
A volume of the applications
Training and skills of people conducting recovery activities and tools available for recovery.
When there are a number of failures then instead of taking care of all failures, the recovery testing should be done in a structured fashion which means recovery testing should be carried out for one segment and then another.
It is done by professional testers. Before recovery testing, adequate backup data is kept in secure locations. This is done to ensure that the operation can be continued even after a disaster.
Life Cycle of Recovery Process
The life cycle of the recovery process can be classified into the following five steps:
Normal operation
Disaster occurrence
Disruption and failure of the operation
Disaster clearance through the recovery process
Reconstruction of all processes and information to bring the whole system to move to normal operation
Let’s discuss these 5 steps in detail-
A system consisting of hardware, software, and firmware integrated to achieve a common goal is made operational for carrying out a well-defined and stated goal. The system is called to perform the normal operation to carry out the designed job without any disruption within a stipulated period of time.
A disruption may occur due to malfunction of the software, due to various reasons like input initiated malfunction, software crashing due to hardware failure, damaged due to fire, theft, and strike.
If a backup plan and risk mitigation processes are at the right place before encountering disaster and disruption, then recovery can be done without much loss of time, effort and energy. A designated individual, along with his team with the assigned role of each of these persons should be defined to fix the responsibility and help the organization to save from long disruption period.
Reconstruction may involve multiple sessions of operation to rebuild all folders along with configuration files. There should be proper documentation and process of reconstruction for correct recovery.
Restoration StrategyThe recovery team should have their unique strategy for retrieving the important code and data to bring the operation of the agency back to normalcy.
The strategy can be unique to each organization based on the criticality of the systems they are handling.
The possible strategy for critical systems can be visualized as follows:
To have a single backup or more than one
To have multiple back-ups at one place or different places
To have an online backup or offline backup
Can the backup is done automatically based on a policy or to have it manually?
To have an independent restoration team or development team itself can be utilized for the work
Each of these strategies has cost factor associated with it and multiple resources required for multiple back-ups may consume more physical resources or may need an independent team.
Many companies may be affected due to their data and code dependency on the concerned developer agency. For instance, if Amazon AWS goes down its shuts 25 of the internet. Independent Restoration is crucial in such cases.
How to do Recovery TestingWhile performing recovery testing following things should be considered.
We must create a test bed as close to actual conditions of deployment as possible. Changes in interfacing, protocol, firmware, hardware, and software should be as close to the actual condition as possible if not the same condition.
Through exhaustive testing may be time-consuming and a costly affair, identical configuration, and complete check should be performed.
If possible, testing should be performed on the hardware we are finally going to restore. This is especially true if we are restoring to a different machine than the one that created the backup.
Some backup systems expect the hard drive to be exactly the same size as the one the backup was taken from.
Online backup systems are not an exception for testing. Most online backup service providers protect us from being directly exposed to media problems by the way they use fault-tolerant storage systems.
While online backup systems are extremely reliable, we must test the restore side of the system to make sure there are no problems with the retrieval functionality, security or encryption.
Testing procedure after restorationMost large corporations have independent auditors to perform recovery test exercises periodically.
The expense of maintaining and testing a comprehensive disaster recovery plan can be substantial, and it may be prohibitive for smaller businesses.
Smaller risks may rely on their data backups and off-site storage plans to save them in the case of a catastrophe.
After folders and files are restored, following checks can be done to assure that files are recovered properly:
Rename the corrupted document folder
Count the files in the restored folders and match with it with an existing folder.
Open a few of the files and make sure they are accessible. Be sure to open them with the application that normally uses them. And make sure you can browse the data, update the data or whatever you normally do.
It is best to open several files of different types, pictures, mp3s, documents and some large and some small.
Most operating systems have utilities that you can use to compare files and directories.
Summary:In this tutorial, we have learned a various aspect of recovery testing that helps to understand whether the system or program meets its requirements after a failure.
What Is Protein? A Complete Scientific Guide
Amino acids (building blocks of protein) combine to form proteins, which are molecules that contain nitrogen and found in every cell of our body. They can be made up of one or more extended chains of amino acid residues. Proteins consist of amino acids, which are tiny chemical compounds. They consist of an alpha central carbon atom coupled to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and another component known as a side chain, are the building blocks of proteins.
Proteins are made up of a lengthy chain of amino acids that are connected by peptide bonds. Each of the amino acids has a distinct side chain and sequence that are used to build proteins.
There are in total of twenty amino acids that are discovered. Eleven of these amino acids are classified as non-essential, meaning that human bodies can make them and do not require their consumption from an outer source or diet. The remaining nine amino acids are said to as essential, which means that our diets must contain them, as our bodies cannot synthesize them.
The following are nine essential amino acids
Histidine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
And, the non-essential amino acids are −
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Glutamic acid
Arginine
Cysteine
Glutamine
Tyrosine
Glycine
Proline
Serine
Six of the eleven remaining nonessential amino acids are conditionally essential amino acids, and only become essential during specific conditions. These are the amino acids that are produced by the body but, due to severe physical stress or trauma, may become depleted. They are arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine.
Why is Protein Essential for the Human Body?Protein is a complex substance that is available in all living life forms. Any diet must have protein as a staple. Numerous foods include protein thus, many people can easily incorporate it into their diet. And foods contain much more than just protein, so it’s crucial to consider the other ingredients as well. Protein sources in food are typically obtained from either animal or plant sources.
There is a widespread misconception that certain necessary amino acids are actually absent from plant-based proteins. In reality, the majority of plant-based proteins include all amino acids, but they frequently have a low concentration of a few important amino acids, sometimes known as their limiting amino acids. It is crucial for people who eat little to no animal products, like vegans or vegetarians, to acquire their protein from sources that include complementary limiting amino acids.
Protein and sports performance have long been linked. After exercise, protein intake can help in strengthening and repairing muscle tissue. The appropriate combination of carbs, lipids, vitamins, and minerals should be included in the diet to get the benefits of protein, which is essential for developing muscle.
Uses of Proteins in Our BodyAlthough proteins can be used as a source of energy, they are not utilized until other macromolecules are broken down completely. Proteins are broken down into their most basic form, amino acids, in order to be utilized by the body. They are used in the formation of hemoglobin, enzymes, and hormones. They act as the primary structural element of the body’s muscles and other tissues.
Furthermore, proteins also help in molecular transportation across the body, assisting in cell growth and repair, defending the body against germs and viruses, and fostering healthy growth and development in people. Proteins are of extraordinary health benefits and directly help in chemical processes and metabolic cycles occurring in our body.
Research has shown that not getting enough protein or not being able to utilize it effectively can cause numerous symptoms, such as an increase in infections, swelling of legs, a slower rate of wound healing, and decreased muscle mass, which is sometimes referred to as sarcopenia in older individuals can result from a protein deficiency.
It’s vital to note that food insecurity causes millions of people around the world, particularly young children, to lack adequate amounts of protein. Severe Malnutrition (Kwashiorkor) and protein deficiency have a variety of serious consequences, including stunted growth, loss of muscle mass, weakened immune systems, heart and respiratory system problems, and even death.
ConclusionProtein-rich diets, like the carnivore diet, can also be harmful and increase the risk of coronary heart disease, kidney stones, and breast, bowel, and prostate cancers. While food that is rich in protein is beneficial to our health, some generate more harm than good.
Particularly, eating a lot of red and processed meat has been linked to a higher risk of developing several malignancies. However, it is also a good source of protein and many other vital elements, like iron, vitamin B12, and zinc, so it’s not necessary to eliminate it instead consume it in moderate amounts.
Food allergies can develop when the immune system of the body attacks certain kinds of proteins. You will experience an allergic reaction, such as itching or breathing difficulties, when you eat or drink something like peanuts, eggs, or fish, containing a protein to which you are allergic.
Complete Guide To Golden Handshake With Working
What is Golden Handshake?
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ExplanationNormally employment contracts contain a clause of severance package to be given to the employees by the employer when they lose out on their active jobs due to professional negligence or due to lay-offs or due to voluntary retirement. The severance package is offered to the employees who are either engaged in a high-risk job or they are employed as a top executive in the organization. This is primarily done to protect employee interests when they hold top executive posts. The severance package is the collection of the benefits offered by the employer to the employee when the services of the employees are ended abruptly or they are laid off from the organization. Normally, the employer and employee have to sign the severance agreement or contract. The total amount of the money receivable to the employee depends upon the tenure’s length they stay in the organization. Such payments may also include unutilized vacations or sick leaves and business expenses that are yet to be reimbursed.
How does it work?Whenever a business feels that the top employee has attained an age where he could be asked to retire or whenever business reaches the point that they have to cut down the costs of the employees, they initiate the golden handshake clause as per the contract. They communicate with the employees who hold the top executive positions in the organization. In such a scenario, it is not the mistake of the employees and yet their services are being terminated. The severance package under the golden handshake clause mitigates the imminent financial risk resulting from an abrupt termination of services. The scenarios where a golden handshake is prominently applied are when the employee is closed to his retirement age or either the business is looking towards the reduction in costs of operations.
Examples of Golden Handshake Reasons for Golden HandshakeIn the business lifecycle, there comes a point beyond which if the business continues to undertake the rising costs of operations, this could result in imminent failures for the business. The business may shut down eventually and this would end up affecting the employees who are at the bottom-most level or tier in the organization. Therefore, as a defense mechanism and to protect the interests of all employees, the top executives are asked to take up voluntarily retirement or they are laid off by the business which then helps the business to curb their rising costs. Since the employees who held the top-level positions in the organizations were not at any fault, the business offers them a golden handshake which helps the laid-off employees to mitigate their financial risk.
Golden Handshake vs Golden ParachuteThe golden parachute is termed as a package that the employee receives if the business has been taken over by the other company and the services of the employee are terminated as the result of the merger. The golden parachute is also given to key and top executives employed in the business. The package under the golden parachute may be composed of severance pay, stock options and cash bonuses. The golden parachute can be regarded as a poison pill which undertaken by the target business in the form of employee exodus to discourage the attempts of a hostile takeover by the acquiring business. On the other hand, the golden handshake can be compared to as golden boot offered by the organization to offered with the intent of initiating their voluntary retirement from the organization. The golden handshake is nowhere related to mergers and takeovers.
Advantages
Normally top-level executives or employees are engaged in a high-risk job. Taking the nature of risk into the account, the employer agrees to offer a hefty package in the form of a golden handshake. This motivates the employee to work diligently for the employer.
Normally when top-level executives change jobs, they take into account the level of severance package offered by the employer along with the salary offered.
The golden handshakes take care of the financial security of the employee when he or she faces unemployment and job loss.
It helps employees to seek out better alternatives and opportunities as they won’t have to worry on the account of immediate money requirements or funding needs.
The golden handshake offered to the employee is often not performance-based. The employment contract does not add the stipulation or clause that the employee has to perform throughout his employment tenure. Therefore, when employees are fired under the ground of non-performance, the employees would still be eligible for the severance package.
The organization may induce early retirements for the employees deliberately to tone down the costs of increasing operations.
They could further initiate it to cut down on their labor force to meet the demand of an ever-changing business environment or to cope up with a takeover.
If the top executives take up a golden handshake then they have to accept the non-compete clause under the severance package.
A non-compete clause states that the top executive would be allowed to open any rival business for predefined tenure once terminated from the organization.
ConclusionThe golden handshake is one of the clauses in the employment contract of the employee who holds top executive or management level position in the organization. The golden handshake offers a severance package which helps employee mitigate their financial risk.
Recommended ArticlesComplete Guide To Docker Registry With Examples
Introduction to Docker Registry
Docker Registry is used to store Docker images i.e. read-only template. In other words, the Docker registry stores Docker repositories that hold Docker images in different tagged versions. It is an open-source, stateless, and highly scalable server-side application. It allows us to control where we want to store our Docker images, we fully own our image distribution pipeline and integrate it with in-house development workflow. Docker registry is only compatible with the Docker engine version 1.6.0 or higher. We can use default storage driver i.e. POSIX file system for development or small deployments however it is recommended to use supported cloud-based storage drivers like S3, Microsoft Azure, Openstack Swift, etc.
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How does Registry work in Docker?We can run our own registry to integrate with our CI/CD pipeline. So, if there is any commit to source code, the SCM tool would trigger a build on our CI system and if the build is successful, it would push the new image to our registry. The Registry then sends the notification that would trigger a deployment on a staging environment. We can quickly deploy a new image over a large cluster of machines using the CI/CD model. We can share Docker images inside an isolated network using the Docker registry. It supports TLS and basic authentication for securing access to our hosted images.
We can a run private registry as a container using the below command:
Code:
$docker push localhost:5000/alpine
In the above example, we have started a registry container named ‘my-registry’ using ‘registry:2’ Docker image and it is listening on port 5000 and restart option is set to ‘always’ so if container stopped in any case, docker daemon will start it automatically.
Code:
$docker pull ubuntu
Output:
And when we try to push the ‘alpine’ Docker Image the same thing happens. Docker daemon automatically adds ‘docker.io/library/’ to the image and tries to push it to official Docker Hub however it requires authentication to push the image to official Docker Hub. We can create our Docker ID and push the Docker image to our Docker ID however we again re-tag the Docker Image with our Docker ID and Docker image name.
Code:
$docker push alpine
Output:
Code:
$docker push sarab303/alpine
Output:
We can pass additional options or modified options to change the basic configuration of the registry. For example, changing the default listening port, customize storage location, implement TLS for securing the registry, etc.
Let’s assume that we already have an application listening on port 5000 and we want to expose the registry on port 5003, we can do that as below:
Code:
$docker push localhost:5003/alpine
Output:
If we want to use different port other than default port on which registry listens within the container, we can change that as well by using environment variable REGISTRY_HTTP_ADDR as shown in the below command:
Code:
registry:2
Output:
We can customize the storage location to store the respositories of the registry persistently, we can accomplish this by mounting host location or volume to the container. Here, we run the registry container as below to bind mount the host directory ‘/mnt/registry’ into the registry container at ‘/var/lib/registry/’.
Code:
$docker pull localhost:5000/alpine
Output:
In the above example, started a new local registry named ‘my-registry’ and tagged the ‘alpine’ Docker image to ‘localhost:5000/alpine’ and pushed it to the local registry, then stopped the registry container and deleted it. Also removed locally available ‘alpine’ and ‘localhost:5000/alpine’ Docker images from the host. Now, again started a new registry container and mounted the same host directory to this container and tried to pull the earlier pushed Docker image i.e. ‘localhost:5000/alpine’ and it is successful.
However, the above implementation is only for testing purposes as there is no authentication mechanism is implemented. Let’s implement basic authentication for our private registry by generating an ‘htpasswd’ file and self-signed certificates using below commands.
Code:
-x509 -days 365 -out certs/domain.crt
In the above example, we have created a directory called ‘auth’ and ‘certs’ to store the htpasswd credentials and self signed certificates respectively. First, we have created the user ‘user1’ with the password ‘[email protected]’ and stored it in the ‘htpasswd’ file under ‘auth’ folder, then generated self signed certificates using openssl and stored the ‘domain.key’ and ‘domain.crt’ files in the ‘certs’ folder keeping all details blank except the common name of the server.
Now, we create a new container with additional options and mounting the certs and auth folders to it.
Code:
Output:
Code:
$docker push localhost:443/nginx
Output:
In the above snapshot, tagged the ‘nginx’ Docker image to ‘localhost:443/nginx’ and tried to push to the newly setup private registry however we can see that it is giving error that says ‘no basic auth credentials’. Logged into the private registry using the credentials of ‘user1’ and the image has been pushed to the private registry successfully.
ConclusionDocker Registry is a great solution for hosting on-pre private registry, however, there are alternatives available for Docker Registry like Docker Hub which is free to use, hosted registry by Docker, need to pay for additional features though, and DTR i.e. Docker Trusted Registry is a commercially supported version of the registry, comes with Docker Enterprise Edition.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Docker Registry. Here we discuss the introduction to Docker Registry along with how registry work. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
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