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When you create or record a macro in Excel, you need to run the macro to execute the steps in the code.

A few ways of running a macro includes using the macro dialog box, assigning the macro to a button, using a shortcut, etc.

Apart from these user-initiated macro executions, you can also use VBA events to run the macro.

Let me first explain what is an event in VBA.

An event is an action that can trigger the execution of the specified macro.

There are many such events in VBA, and you can create codes for these events. This means that as soon as an event occurs, and if you have specified a code for that event, that code would instantly be executed.

Excel automatically does this as soon as it notices that an event has taken place. So you only need to write the code and place it in the correct event subroutine (this is covered later in this article).

For example, if you insert a new worksheet and you want it to have a year prefix, you can write the code for it.

Now, whenever anyone inserts a new worksheet, this code would automatically be executed and add the year prefix to the worksheet’s name.

Similarly, you can create VBA codes for many such events (as we will see later in this article).

While the above example is a useless event, I hope it helps you understand what events really are.

There are different objects in Excel – such as Excel itself (to which we often refer to as the application), workbooks, worksheets, charts, etc.

Each of these objects can have various events associated with it. For example:

If you create a new workbook, it’s an application level event.

If you add a new worksheet, it’s a workbook level event.

If you change the value in a cell in a sheet, it’s a worksheet level event.

Below are the different types of Events that exist in Excel:

Workbook Level Events: These events would be triggered based on the actions at the workbook level. Examples of these events include adding a new worksheet, saving the workbook, opening the workbook, printing a part or the entire workbook, etc.

Application Level Events: These are the events that occur in the Excel application. Example of these would include closing any of the open workbooks or opening a new workbook.

Chart Events: These are events related to the chart sheet. A chart sheet is different than a worksheet (which is where most of us are used to work in Excel). A chart sheets purpose is to hold a chart. Examples of such events would include changing the series of the chart or resizing the chart.

OnTime and OnKey Events: These are two events that don’t fit in any of the above categories. So I have listed these separately. ‘OnTime’ event allows you to execute a code at a specific time or after a specific time has elapsed. ‘OnKey’ event allows you to execute a code when a specific keystroke (or a combination of keystrokes) is used.

In the above section, I covered the different types of events.

Based on the type of event, you need to put the code in the relevant object.

For example, if it’s a worksheet related event, it should go in the code window of the worksheet object. If it’s workbook related, it should go in the code window for a workbook object.

In VBA, different objects – such as Worksheets, Workbooks, Chart Sheets, UserForms, etc., have their own code windows. You need to put the event code in the relevant object’s code window. For example – if it’s a workbook level event, then you need to have the event code in the Workbook code window.

The following sections cover the places where you can put the event code:

When you open the VB Editor (using keyboard shortcut ALT + F11), you would notice the worksheets object in the Project Explorer. For each worksheet in the workbook, you will see one object.

While you can start writing the code from scratch, it’s much better to select the event from a list of options and let VBA automatically insert the relevant code for the selected event.

To do this, you need to first select worksheet from the drop down at the top-left of the code window.

After selecting worksheet from the drop down, you get a list of all the events related to the worksheet. You can select the one you want to use from the drop-down at the top right of the code window.

As soon as you select the event, it would automatically enter the first and last line of the code for the selected event. Now you can add your code in between the two lines.

Note: As soon as you select Worksheet from the drop-down, you would notice two lines of code appear in the code window. Once you have selected the event for which you want the code, you can delete the lines that appeared by default.

Note that each worksheet has a code window of its own. When you put the code for Sheet1, it will only work if the event happens in Sheet1.

Just like worksheets, if you have a workbook level event code, you can place it in ThisWorkbook code window.

You need to select Workbook from the drop-down at the top-left of the code window.

After selecting Workbook from the drop down, you get a list of all the events related to the Workbook. You can select the one you want to use from the drop-down at the top right of the code window.

As soon as you select the event, it would automatically enter the first and last line of the code for the selected event. Now you can add your code in between the two lines.

Note: As soon as you select Workbook from the drop-down, you would notice two lines of code appear in the code window. Once you have selected the event for which you want the code, you can delete the lines that appeared by default.

While the Sheet objects and ThisWorkbook objects are already available when you open the VB Editor, UserForm is something you need to create first.

This would insert a UserForm object in the workbook.

Now just like worksheets or ThisWorkbook, you can select the event and it will insert the first and the last line for that event. And then you can add the code in the middle of it.

In Excel, you can also insert Chart sheets (which are different then worksheets). A chart sheet is meant to contain charts only.

When you have inserted a chart sheet, you will be able to see the Chart sheet object in the VB Editor.

You can add the event code to the chart sheet code window just like we did in the worksheet.

Now, you need to select Chart from the drop-down at the top-left of the code window.

After selecting Chart from the drop-down, you get a list of all the events related to the Chart sheet. You can select the one you want to use from the drop-down at the top right of the code window.

Note: As soon as you select Chart from the drop-down, you would notice two lines of code appear in the code window. Once you have selected the event for which you want the code, you can delete the lines that appeared by default.

Class Modules need to be inserted just like UserForms.

A class module can hold code related to the application – which would be Excel itself, and the embedded charts.

I will cover the class module as a separate tutorial in the coming weeks.

Note that apart from OnTime and OnKey events, none of the above events can be stored in the regular VBA module.

When you trigger an event, it doesn’t happen in isolation. It may also lead to a sequence of multiple triggers.

For example, when you insert a new worksheet, the following things happen:

A new worksheet is added

The previous worksheet gets deactivated

The new worksheet gets activated

While in most cases, you may not need to worry about the sequence, if you’re creating complex codes that rely on events, it’s better to know the sequence to avoid unexpected results.

Before we jump to Event examples and the awesome things you can do with it, there is one important concept I need to cover.

In VBA events, there would be two types of codes:

Without any arguments

With arguments

And in this section, I want to quickly cover the role of arguments.

Below is a code that has no argument in it (the parenthesis are empty):

Private Sub Workbook_Open() MsgBox "Remember to Fill the Timesheet" End Sub

With the above code, when you open a workbook, it simply shows a message box with the message – “Remember to fill the Timesheet”.

Now let’s have a look at a code that has an argument.

Private Sub Workbook_NewSheet(ByVal Sh As Object) Sh.Range("A1") = Sh.Name End Sub

The above code uses the Sh argument which is defined as an object type. The Sh argument could be a worksheet or a chart sheet, as the above event is triggered when a new sheet is added.

By assigning the new sheet that is added to the workbook to the object variable Sh, VBA has enabled us to use it in the code. So to refer to the new sheet name, I can use Sh.Name.

The concept of arguments will be useful when you go through the VBA events examples in the next sections.

Following are the most commonly used events in a workbook.

EVENT NAME WHAT TRIGGERS THE EVENT

Activate When a workbook is activated

AfterSave When a workbook is installed as an add-in

BeforeSave When a workbook is saved

BeforeClose When a workbook is closed

BeforePrint When a workbook is printed

Deactivate When a workbook is deactivated

NewSheet When a new sheet is added

Open When a workbook is opened

SheetActivate When any sheet in the workbook is activated

SheetBeforeDelete When any sheet is deleted

SheetCalculate When any sheet is calculated or recalculated

SheetDeactivate When a workbook is deactivated

SheetPivotTableUpdate When a workbook is updated

SheetSelectionChange When a workbook is changed

WindowActivate When a workbook is activated

WindowDeactivate When a workbook is deactivated

Note that this is not a complete list. You can find the complete list here.

Remember that the code for Workbook event is stored in the ThisWorkbook objects code window.

Now let’s have a look at some useful workbook events and see how these can be used in your day-to-day work.

Let’s say that you want to show the user a friendly reminder to fill their timesheets whenever they open a specific workbook.

You can use the below code to do this:

Private Sub Workbook_Open() MsgBox "Remember to Fill the Timesheet" End Sub

Now as soon as you open the workbook that has this code, it will show you a message box with the specified message.

There are a few things to know when working with this code (or Workbook Event codes in general):

If a workbook has a macro and you want to save it, you need to save it in the .XLSM format. Else the macro code would be lost.

In the above example, the event code would be executed only when the macros are enabled. You may see a yellow bar asking for permission to enable macros. Until that is enabled, the event code is not executed.

The Workbook event code is placed in the code window of ThisWorkbook object.

You can further refine this code and show the message only of Friday.

The below code would do this:

Private Sub Workbook_Open() wkday = Weekday(Date) If wkday = 6 Then MsgBox "Remember to Fill the Timesheet" End Sub

Note that in the Weekday function, Sunday is assigned the value 1, Monday is 2 and so on.

Hence for Friday, I have used 6.

Workbook Open event can be useful in many situations, such as:

When you want to show a welcome message to the person when a workbook is opened.

When you want to display a reminder when the workbook is opened.

When you want to always activate one specific worksheet in the workbook when it’s opened.

When you want to open related files along with the workbook.

When you want to capture the date and time stamp every time the workbook is opened.

NewSheet event is triggered when you insert a new sheet in the workbook.

Let’s say that you want to enter the date and time value in cell A1 of the newly inserted sheet. You can use the below code to do this:

Private Sub Workbook_NewSheet(ByVal Sh As Object) On Error Resume Next Sh.Range("A1") = Format(Now, "dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss") End Sub

The above code uses ‘On Error Resume Next’ to handle cases where someone inserts a chart sheet and not a worksheet. Since chart sheet doesn’t have cell A1, it would show an error if ‘On Error Resume Next’ is not used.

Another example could be when you want to apply some basic setting or formatting to a new sheet as soon as it is added. For example, if you want to add a new sheet and want it to automatically get a serial number (up to 100), then you can use the code below.

Private Sub Workbook_NewSheet(ByVal Sh As Object) On Error Resume Next With Sh.Range("A1") .Value = "S. No." .Interior.Color = vbBlue .Font.Color = vbWhite End With For i = 1 To 100 Sh.Range("A1").Offset(i, 0).Value = i Next i Sh.Range("A1", Range("A1").End(xlDown)).Borders.LineStyle = xlContinuous End Sub

The above code also does a bit of formatting. It gives the header cell a blue color and makes the font white. It also applies a border to all the filled cells.

The above code is an example of how a short VBA code can help you steal a few seconds every time you insert a new worksheet (in case this is something that you have to do every time).

Before Save event is triggered when you save a workbook. Note that the event is triggered first and then the workbook is saved.

When saving an Excel workbook, there could be two possible scenarios:

You’re saving it for the first time and it will show the Save As dialog box.

You’ve already saved it earlier and it will simply save and overwrite the changes in the already saved version.

Now let’s have a look at a few examples where you can use the BeforeSave event.

Suppose you have a new workbook that you’re saving for the first time, and you want to remind the user to save it in the K drive, then you can use the below code:

Private Sub Workbook_BeforeSave(ByVal SaveAsUI As Boolean, Cancel As Boolean) If SaveAsUI Then MsgBox "Save this File in the K Drive" End Sub

In the above code, if the file has never been saved, SaveAsUI is True and brings up the Save As dialog box. The above code would display the message before the Save As dialog box appear.

Another example could be to update the date and time when the file is saved in a specific cell.

The below code would insert the date & time stamp in cell A1 of Sheet1 whenever the file is saved.

Private Sub Workbook_BeforeSave(ByVal SaveAsUI As Boolean, Cancel As Boolean) Worksheets("Sheet1").Range("A1") = Format(Now, "dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss") End Sub

Note that this code is executed as soon as the user saves the workbook. If the workbook is being saved for the first time, it will show a Save As dialog box. But the code is already executed by the time you see the Save As dialog box. At this point, if you decide to cancel and not save the workbook, the date and time would already be entered in the cell.

Before Close event happens right before the workbook is closed.

The below code protects all the worksheets before the workbook is closed.

Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) Dim sh As Worksheet For Each sh In ThisWorkbook.Worksheets sh.Protect Next sh End Sub

Remember that the event code is triggered as soon as you close the workbook.

One important thing to know about this event is that it doesn’t care whether the workbook is actually closed or not.

When you give the print command (or Print Preview command), the Before Print event is triggered.

The below code would recalculate all the worksheets before your workbook is printed.

Private

Sub

Workbook_BeforePrint(Cancel

Boolean

)

For

Each

Worksheets ws.Calculate

End

Sub

When the user is printing the workbook, the event would be fired whether he/she is printing the entire workbook or only a part of it.

Another example below is of the code that would add the date and time to the footer when the workbook is printed.

Private Sub Workbook_BeforePrint(Cancel As Boolean) Dim ws As Worksheet For Each ws In ThisWorkbook.Worksheets ws.PageSetup.LeftFooter = "Printed On - " & Format(Now, "dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm") Next ws End Sub

Worksheet events take place based on the triggers in the worksheet.

Following are the most commonly used events in a worksheet.

Event Name What triggers the event

Activate When the worksheet is activated

BeforeDelete Before the worksheet is deleted

Calculate Before the worksheet is calculated or recalculated

Change When the cells in the worksheet are changed

Deactivate When the worksheet is deactivated

PivotTableUpdate When the Pivot Table in the worksheet is updated

SelectionChange When the selection on the worksheet is changed

Note that this is not a complete list. You can find the complete list here.

Remember that the code for Worksheet event is stored in the worksheet object code window (in the one in which you want the event to be triggered). There can be multiple worksheets in a workbook, and your code would be fired only when the event takes place in the worksheet in which it is placed.

Now let’s have a look at some useful worksheet events and see how these can be used in your day-to-day work.

This event is fired when you activate a worksheet.

The below code unprotects a sheet as soon as it is activated.

Private Sub Worksheet_Activate() ActiveSheet.Unprotect End Sub

You can also use this event to make sure a specific cell or a range of cells (or a named range) is selected as soon as you activate the worksheet. The below code would select cell D1 as soon as you activate the sheet.

Private Sub Worksheet_Activate() ActiveSheet.Range("D1").Select End Sub

A change event is fired whenever you make a change in the worksheet.

Well.. not always.

There are some changes that trigger the event, and some that don’t. Here is a list of some changes that won’t trigger the event:

When you change the formatting of the cell (font size, color, border, etc.).

When you merge cells. This is surprising as sometimes, merging cells also removes content from all the cells except the top-left one.

When you sort a range of cells.

When you use Goal Seek.

The following changes would trigger the event (even though you may think it shouldn’t):

Copy and pasting formatting would trigger the event.

Clearing formatting would trigger the event.

Running a spell check would trigger the event.

Below is a code would show a message box with the address of the cell that has been changed.

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) MsgBox "You just changed " & Target.Address End Sub

While this is a useless macro, it does show you how to use the Target argument to find out what cells have been changed.

Now let’s see a couple of more useful examples.

Suppose you have a range of cells (let’s say A1:D10) and you want to show a prompt and ask the user if they really wanted to change a cell in this range or not, you can use the below code.

It shows a prompt with two buttons – Yes and No. If the user selects ‘Yes’, the change is done, else it is reversed.

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) If chúng tôi <= 10 And Target.Column <= 4 Then Ans = MsgBox("You are making a change in cells in A1:D10. Are you sure you want it?", vbYesNo) End If If Ans = vbNo Then Application.EnableEvents = False Application.Undo Application.EnableEvents = True End If End Sub

In the above code, we check whether the Target cell is in first 4 columns and the first 10 rows. If that’s the case, the message box is shown. Also, if the user selected No in the message box, the change is reversed (by the chúng tôi command).

Note that I have used Application.EnableEvents = False before the Application.Undo line. And then I reversed it by using Application.EnableEvent = True in the next line.

This is needed as when the undo happens, it also triggers the change event. If I don’t set the EnableEvent to False, it will keep on triggering the change event.

You can also monitor the changes to a named range using the change event. For example, if you have a named range called “DataRange” and you want to show a prompt in case user makes a change in this named range, you can use the code below:

Private Sub Worksheet_Change(ByVal Target As Range) Dim DRange As Range Set DRange = Range("DataRange") If Not Intersect(Target, DRange) Is Nothing Then MsgBox "You just made a change to the Data Range" End If End Sub

The above code checks whether the cell/range where you have made the changes has any cells common to the Data Range. If it does, it shows the message box.

The selection change event is triggered whenever there is a selection change in the worksheet.

The below code would recalculate the sheet as soon as you change the selection.

Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Range) Application.Calculate End Sub

Another example of this event is when you want to highlight the active row and column of the selected cell.

Something as shown below:

The following code can do this:

Private Sub Worksheet_SelectionChange(ByVal Target As Range) Cells.Interior.ColorIndex = xlNone With ActiveCell .EntireRow.Interior.Color = RGB(248, 203, 173) .EntireColumn.Interior.Color = RGB(180, 198, 231) End With End Sub

The code first removes the background color from all the cells and then apply the one mentioned in the code to the active row and column.

And that’s the problem with this code. That it removes color from all cells.

If you want to highlight the active row/column while keeping the color in other cells intact, use the technique shown in this tutorial.

This is one of my favorite worksheet events and you’ll see a lot of tutorials where I have used this (such as this one or this one).

Let me show you how awesome this is.

Cancel = True With Target .Interior.Color = vbBlue .Font.Color = vbWhite .Font.Bold = True End With End Sub

Note that in the above code, I have made the value of Cancel = True.

Here is another example.

Something as shown below:

Here is the code that will do this:

Cancel = True CurrFormat = Target.Font.Strikethrough If CurrFormat Then Target.Font.Strikethrough = False Else Target.Font.Strikethrough = True End If End Sub

The events that we have seen so far in this article were associated with one of the Excel objects, be it the workbook, worksheet, chart sheet, or UserForms, etc.

OnTime event is different than other events as it can be stored in the regular VBA module (while the others were to be placed in the code window of objects such as ThisWorkbook or Worksheets or UserForms).

Within the regular VBA module, it is used as a method of the application object.

The reason this is considered an event is that it can be triggered based on the time you specify. For example, if I want the sheet to recalculate every 5 minutes, I can use the OnTime event for it.

Or, if I want to show a message/reminder at a specific time of the day, I can use the OnTime event.

Below is a code that will show a message at 2 pm every day.

Sub MessageTime() Application.OnTime TimeValue("14:00:00"), "ShowMessage" End Sub Sub ShowMessage() MsgBox "It's Lunch Time" End Sub

Remember you need to place this code in the regular VBA module,

Also, while the OnTime event would be triggered at the specified time, you need to run the macro manually at any time.

Once you run the macro, it will wait till it’s 2 PM and then call the ‘ShowMessage’ macro.

The ShowMessage macro would then display the message.

The OnTime event takes four arguments:

Application.OnTime(EarliestTime, Procedure, LatestTime, Schedule)

EarliestTime: The time when you want to run the procedure.

Procedure: The name of the procedure that should be run.

LatestTime (Optional): In case another code is running and your specified code can’t be run at the specified time, you can specify the LatestTime for which it should wait. For example, it could be EarliestTime + 45 (which means it will wait for 45 seconds for the other procedure to get completed). If even after 45 seconds the procedure is not able to run, it gets abandoned. If you don’t specify this, Excel would wait until the code can be run, and then run it.

Schedule (Optional): If set to True, it schedules new time procedure. If False, then it cancels the previously set procedure. By default, this is True.

In the above example, we only used the first two arguments.

Let’s look at another example.

The below code would refresh the worksheet every 5 min.

Dim NextRefresh as Date Sub RefreshSheet() ThisWorkbook.Worksheets("Sheet1").Calculate NextRefresh = Now + TimeValue("00:05:00") Application.OnTime NextRefresh, "RefreshSheet" End Sub Sub StopRefresh() On Error Resume Next Application.OnTime NextRefresh, "RefreshSheet", , False End Sub

The above code would refresh the worksheet every 5 minutes.

It uses the Now function to determine the current time and then adds 5 minutes to the current time.

The OnTime event would continue to run until you stop it. If you close the workbook and Excel application is still running (other workbooks are open), the workbook that has the OnTime event running in it would reopen itself.

This is better handled by specifically stopping the OnTime event.

In the above code, I have the StopRefresh code, but you need to execute it to stop the OnTime event. You can do this manually, assign it to a button and do this by pressing the button or call it from the Workbook Close event.

Private Sub Workbook_BeforeClose(Cancel As Boolean) Call StopRefresh End Sub

The above ‘BeforeClose’ event code goes in ThisWorkbook code window.

Excel Sparklines – A Complete Guide With Examples

Sparklines feature was introduced in Excel 2010.

In this article, you’ll learn all about Excel Sparklines and see some useful examples of it.

Sparklines are tiny charts that reside in a cell in Excel. These charts are used to show a trend over time or the variation in the dataset.

You can use these sparklines to make your bland data look better by adding this layer of visual analysis.

While Sparklines are tiny charts, they have limited functionality (as compared with regular charts in Excel). Despite that, Sparklines are great as you can create these easy to show a trend (and even outliers/high-low points) and make your reports and dashboard more reader-friendly.

Unlike regular charts, Sparklines are not objects. These reside in a cell as the background of that cell.

In Excel, there are three types of sparklines:

Line

Column

Win-loss

In the below image, I have created an example of all these three types of sparklines.

The first one in G2 is a line type sparkline, in G3 is a column type and in G4 is the win-loss type.

Here are a few important things to know about Excel Sparklines:

Sparklines are dynamic and are dependent on the underlying dataset. When the underlying dataset changes, the sparkline would automatically update. This makes it a useful tool to use when creating Excel dashboards.

Sparklines size is dependent on the size of the cell. If you change the cell height or width, the sparkline would adjust accordingly.

While you have sparkline in a cell, you can also enter a text in it.

You can customize these sparklines – such as change the color, add an axis, highlight maximum/minimum data points, etc. We will see how to do this for each sparkline type later in this tutorial.

Note: A Win-loss sparkline is just like a column sparkline, but it doesn’t show the magnitude of the value. It is better used in situations where the outcome is binary, such as Yes/No, True/False, Head/Tail, 1/-1, etc. For example, if you’re plotting whether it rained in the past 7 days or not, you can plot a win-loss with 1 for days when it rained and -1 for days when it didn’t. In this tutorial, everything covered for column sparklines can also be applied to the win-loss sparklines.

Now let’s cover each of these types of sparklines and all the customizations you can do with it.

Let’s say that you want to insert a line sparkline (as shown below).

Here are the steps to insert a line sparkline in Excel:

Select the cell in which you want the sparkline.

In the ‘Create Sparklines’ dialog box, select the data range (A2:F2 in this example).

This will insert a line sparkline in cell G2.

To insert a ‘Column’ or ‘Win-loss’ sparkline, you need to follow the same above steps, and select Columns or Win-loss instead of the Line (in step 3).

While the above steps insert a basic sparkline in the cell, you can do some customization to make it better.

When you select a cell that has a Sparkline, you’ll notice that a contextual tab – Sparkline Tools Design – becomes available. In this contextual tab, you’ll find all the customization option for the selected sparkline type.

Edit Group Location & Data: Use this when you have grouped multiple sparklines and you want to change the data for the entire group (grouping is covered later in this tutorial).

Edit Single Sparkline’s Data: Use this to change the data for the selected sparkline only.

When you create a line sparkline with a dataset that has an empty cell, you will notice that the sparkline shows a gap for that empty cell.

In the above dataset, the value for April is missing which creates a gap in the first sparkline.

Here is an example where there is a missing data point in a column sparkline.

You can specify how you want these empty cells to be treated.

Here are the steps:

In the drop-down, select ‘Hidden & Empty Cells’ option.

In the dialog box that opens, select whether you want to show

Empty cells as gaps

Empty cells as zero

Connect the before and after data points with a line [this option is available for line sparklines only].

In case the data for the sparkline is in cells that are hidden, you can check the ‘Show data in hidden rows and columns’ to make sure the data form these cells is also plotted. If you don’t do this, data from hidden cells will be ignored.

Below is an example of all three options for a line sparkline:

Cell G2 is what happens when you choose to show a gap in the sparkline.

Cell G3 is what happens when you choose to show a zero instead.

Cell G2 is what happens when you choose to show a continuous line by connecting the data points.

You can do the same with column and win-loss sparklines as well (not the connecting data point option).

If you want to quickly change the sparkline type – from line to column or vice versa, you can do that using the following steps:

In the Type group, select the sparkline you want.

While a simple sparkline shows the trend over time, you can also use some markers and highlights to make it more meaningful.

For example, you can highlight the maximum and the minimum data points, first and the last data point, as well as all the negative data points.

Below is an example where I have highlighted the maximum and minimum data points in a line and column sparkline.

These options are available in the Sparkline Tools tab (in the show group).

Here are the different options available:

High/Low Point: You can use any one or both of these to highlight the maximum and/or the minimum data point.

First/Last Point: You can use any one or both of these to highlight the first and/or the last data point.

Negative Points: In case you have negative data points, you can use this option to highlight all of these at once.

Markers: This option is available only for line sparklines. It will highlight all the data points with a marker. You can change the color of the marker using the ‘Marker Color’ option.

You can change the way sparklines look using the style and color options.

It allows you to change the sparkline color (of lines or columns) as well as the markers.

Pro Tip: If you’re are using markers to highlight certain data points, it’s a good idea to choose a line color that is light in color and marker that is bright and dark (red works great in most cases).

When you create a sparkline, in its default form, it shows the lowest data point at the bottom and all the other data points are relative to it.

In some cases, you may not want this to be the case as it seems to show a huge variation.

In the below example, the variation is only 5 points (where the entire data set is between 95 and 100). But since the axis starts from the lowest point (which is 95), the variation looks huge.

This difference is a lot more prominent in a column sparkline:

In the above column sparkline, it may look like the Jan value is close to 0.

To adjust this, you can change the axis in the sparklines (make it start at a specific value).

Here is how to do this:

Select the cell with the sparkline(s).

In the drop-down, select Custom Value (in the Vertical Axis Minimum Value Options).

In the Sparkline Vertical Axis Settings dialog box, enter the value as 0.

This will give you the result as shown below.

By setting the customs value at 0, we have forced the sparkline to start at 0. This gives a true representation of the variation.

Note: In case you have negative numbers in your data set, it’s best to not set the axis. For example, if you set the axis to 0, the negative numbers would not be shown in the sparkline (as it begins from 0).

You can also make the axis visible by selecting the Show Axis option. This is useful only when you have numbers that cross the axis. For example, if you have the axis set at 0 and have both positive and negative numbers, then the axis would be visible.

If you have a number of sparklines in your report or dashboard, you can group some of these together. Doing this makes it easy to make changes to the whole group instead of doing it one by one.

To group Sparklines:

Select the ones that you want to group.

Now when you select any of the Sparkline that has been grouped, it will automatically select all the ones in that group.

You can ungroup these sparklines by using the Ungroup Option.

You can not delete a sparkline by selecting the cell and hitting the delete key.

To delete a sparkline, follow the steps below:

Select the cell that has the sparkline that you want to delete.

You May Also Like the Following Excel Tutorials:

Different Examples Of Filter In Excel Vba

VBA Filter in Excel

It is very easy to apply the filter through just by pressing Alt + D + F + F simultaneously or Shift + Ctrl + L together. We can even go to the Data menu tab and select the Filter option there. But what if I say there is a much cooler way to use Filter using VBA Codes. Although applying the filter in any data is very easy manually but if we have a huge set of data where we need to apply the filter. Doing manually will take huge time to execute but doing this using Filter in Excel VBA code, we can make it much easier.

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Syntax of VBA Filter:

Where, Range = This is the range of cells where we need to apply Auto Filter. This can be a single cell or range of cells in a row.

Field: This is a sequence number of the column number from there our range is getting started.

Criteria: Here we can quote our criteria which we want to filter from the selected field.

Operator: This is optional if we have only one criteria. But for Criteria2 we use xlAnd, xlOr, xlBottom10Items, xlTop10Items, xlTop10Percent, xlBottom10Percent such keys to filter the data.

How to Apply Filter using VBA (Examples)

Below are the different examples of Filter in Excel VBA:

You can download this VBA Filter Excel Template here – VBA Filter Excel Template

Example #1

We have some sales data in Sheet1 as shown below. As we can see, we have the data in multiple columns which is perfect to show how VBA Filter works. For this, follow the below steps:

Step 2: Now write the subprocedure for VBA Filter.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter()

Step 3: Select the worksheet which has the data. Here our data is in Sheet1.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).

End Sub

Step 4: And after select the column as Range which we want to filer followed by AutoFilter function.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).Range(“G1”).AutoFilter

End Sub

Step 5: Now run the code. We will see the complete row got the filter dropdown. Even if we select a cell, auto filter will be applied to the complete row.

Example #2

If we use the proper syntax of VBA Filter, we can filter the data as we do manually. Let’s filter the data with the Owner’s name as Ben and see what we get. For this, follow the below steps:

Step 1: Defining the subprocedure for VBA Filter.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter2()

End Sub

Step 2: Select the worksheet which has the data. Here again, the sheet is Sheet1. And then select the column name as Range which we want to filter. Here the Owner name column is at G1 position.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter2()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).Range(“G1”).

End Sub

Step 3: Now we will use the AutoFilter command to apply the filter. Then select the Field number which is at 7th position and Criteria as Ben.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter2()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).Range(“G1″).AutoFilter Field:=7, Criteria1:=”Ben”

End Sub

Step 4: Compile the code by hitting F5 or the Run button and run it. We will see, the filer is now applied to Row1 at cell G1. And as we can see, the dot in the G1 cell filter shows the data is filtered.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter2()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).Range(“A1:J1″).AutoFilter Field:=7, Criteria1:=”Ben”

End Sub

Step 7: What if we choose an Operator here to apply multiple filters in the same selected field? For this, in the same line of code, add Operator xlOR. This will help us to apply more than one criteria.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter2()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).Range(“A1:J1″).AutoFilter Field:=7, Criteria1:=”Ben”, Operator:=xlOr,

End Sub

Step 8: Now, at last, select another criterion which is Criteria2. Let’s say that criteria be John.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter2()

Worksheets(“Sheet1”).Range(“A1:J1″).AutoFilter Field:=7, Criteria1:=”Ben”, Operator:=xlOr, Criteria2:=”John”

End Sub

Step 9: Now run the code again. We will see, in the drop-down option at cell G1, both the owner’s name are filtered. One is BEN and the other is JOHN.

Example #3

There is another way to filter the data with more than 1 criteria in different columns. We will use With-End With Loop to execute this. For this, follow the below steps:

Step 1: Write the subprocedure.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter3()

End Sub

Step 2: Select the Range where we need to apply filter. Here our range is from cell A1:J1.

Sub VBA_Filter3()

With Range(“A1:J1”)

End Sub

Step 3: In the next line of code, use AutoFilter function and select the Fields and Criteria as required. Here Field will be 7 and Criteria will be BEN.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter3()

.AutoFilter Field:=7, Criteria1:=”Ben”

End Sub

Step 4: In the second line of code, we will select another cell of headers to be filtered. Let’s filter the Quantity column with the values greater than 50 for the Owner’s name BEN.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter3()

End Sub

Step 5: End the loop with End With.

Code:

Sub VBA_Filter3()

End With

End Sub

Step 6: Run the Code by hitting F5 or the Run button. we will see field number 7 and 9 both got the filtered.

Step 7: And if we check in Column I of header Quantity, we will see, the quantities filtered are greater than 50.

Pros of VBA Filter

It is very easy to apply.

We can filter as many headers as we want.

File with huge data set can easily be filtered using VBA Filter.

VBA Autofilter can speed things up and save time.

Things to Remember

We can select one cell or a line for Range. But the filter will be applied to the complete range of header which has data.

Use with operation, if you want to filter the data with more than 1 column.

The field section in the syntax of VBA Filter can only contain the number which is the sequence of the required column.

Always mention the names into inverted quotes.

Save the file in Macro Enabled Excel format to preserve the applied code.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to VBA Filter. Here we discuss some useful examples of VBA Filter code in Excel along with a downloadable excel template. You can also go through our other suggested articles –

Different Examples Of Contents In Excel Vba

Excel VBA Constants

VBA Constant, which means a value that doesn’t change by any mean. This we have seen a lot of time in mathematics. But the Constant can also be used in VBA coding as well with the same concept when we used in solving regular mathematical problems. In VBA Constant, we fix the value of any variable as per our need and we can use this predefined Constant later whenever we feel to use it.

If we define any value under VBA Constant, it will hold and store that value somewhere which will not be changed. If a person tries to change that value then it will show up the error.

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Examples of Constants in Excel VBA

Below are the different examples of contents in Excel VBA.

You can download this VBA Constants Excel Template here – VBA Constants Excel Template

Excel VBA Constants – Example #1

VBA Constants is like defining a variable with DIM. First, we will see an example where we will execute a simple mathematical code as our regular process.

Follow the below steps to use Excel VBA Constants:

Step 1: Go to VBA Insert menu and open a Module first as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

End Sub

Step 3: Define a variable A as Integer first. This will allow us to consider all whole numbers in it.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

End Sub

Step 4: Now assign any value in variable A. Let’s say it as 123. By this, we will store this value under variable A.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

End Sub

Step 5: Now again define a new variable C as Integer.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

Dim

As Integer

End Sub

Step 6: Now in a simple mathematical multiplication problem, let’s multiply variable A with 4 and get the output in variable C as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

Dim

As Integer

C = A * 4

End Sub

Step 7: Now to print the output, we will use MsgBox as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

Dim

As Integer

C = A * 4 MsgBox C

End Sub

Now we may end up in a situation where we have to change the value stored in variable A multiple times by keeping the constant value of multiplier as 4. So, if we create a constant where if we fix the value of multiplier which is 4 as we have for other variables then it will reduce our frequent activities.

Step 9: For this, use Const as in Constant with B and give it a variable Double.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

Const

As Double

Dim

As Integer

C = A * 4 MsgBox C

End Sub

Step 10: And assign the multiplier 4 to variable B as constant.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

Const

As Double

= 4

Dim

As Integer

C = A * 4 MsgBox C

End Sub

Step 11: Now change the same variable mathematically, multiply formula with 4 as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 123

Const

As Double

= 4

Dim

As Integer

C = A * B MsgBox C

End Sub

Step 12: Now again compile the code and run it.

We have got the same result in variable C as 492 which is the multiplication output of 123 and 4.

Step 13: For more test, let’s change the value stored in variable A from 123 to let’s say 321 as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants()

Dim

As Integer

A = 321

Const

As Double

= 4

Dim

As Integer

C = A * B MsgBox C

End Sub

Step 14: Now if we run the code we should be getting the multiplication of 321 and 4 in a message box.

We will see, the message box with the output as 1284, which is the actual multiplication of 321 and 4. This means that value stored in Const variable B is still constant as both the time it has multiplied the variable A with 4.

Excel VBA Constants – Example #2

In another example of VBA Constant how fixing all the variables as Constant works. Follow the below steps to use Excel VBA Constants.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants2()

End Sub

Step 2: Now define a Constant A as String and give it any text as per your choice. Let’s say that text in Constant as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants2()

Const

As String

= "Constant"

End Sub

Step 3: Now in the second line, again define another Constant B as Integer and give it any number as shown below. Let’s say that number is 10.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants2()

Const

As String

= "Constant"

Const

As Integer

= 10

End Sub

Step 4: In a simple way, let’s print a text as “The real constant is 10” with the help of MsgBox as shown below.

Code:

Sub

VBA_Constants2()

Const

As String

= "Constant"

Const

As Integer

= 10 MsgBox "The real " & A & " is " & B

End Sub

The text which we have written above can be anything.

Step 5: Now compile the code and run it, if found no error. We will get the message box as “The real Constant is 10” which we set above.

As our values are constant for A and B, so we can use these anywhere and anytime. And each time when we would call them values of Constant A and B, we will get the same values stored in this subcategory.

Pros of Excel VBA Constants

This saves a huge amount of time for fixing one or more variables as Constant.

The number of lines of code gets reduced.

We just need to enter the values in defined Constants once, and then whenever we will call that constant, the value stored in it will come up.

Cons of Excel VBA Constants

It is not always used as sometimes we need to come back multiple times to change the values stored in Constants if we are using these defined constants in different Subcategories or Class.

Things to Remember

Results obtained from Constants and Variables are the same. The difference is once Constants are defined, it can be used anywhere multiple times. But Variables are defined for each subcategory.

If there is a change in values which we call and stored constants then we may end up getting an error. So, it is better to check the values first which are fixed as constant.

Saving the file as a macro-enabled excel format helps us to retain the code for the future.

It is always recommended to use Constant when we are working on creating Class objects. Constant is shorter as compared to Variables, so it is a huge set of codes it will take lesser space.

Recommended Articles

This is a guide to VBA Constants. Here we discuss the different examples of Constants in Excel VBA along with some practical examples and downloadable excel template. You can also go through our other suggested articles –

How To Use Vba On Error Statement In Excel?

VBA On Error Statements

VBA On Error is an easy method for handling unexpected exceptions in Excel chúng tôi is known that we cannot write code without any error. Sometimes writing big code may give us an error even at the time of compiling. To avoid this kind of situation, we add an Error Message which, instead of giving us the right answer or error code it will show us the message with the error code. That would look like we got the output of our calculation, but it is the error code that will get imprinted.

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How to Use Excel VBA On Error Statements in Excel?

There are 3 ways of Error in VBA. Let’s understand different ways with some examples.

Example #1

The first error type is a Code compilation error which comes when a code is undeclared or impossible variables. To understand more, we will use a simple mathematical expression of the divide. For this, go to the Insert menu of VBA and select Module as shown below.

Now open Subcategory and add any name as we are using On Error, so we have named it as same.

Sub

OnError()

End Sub

Now define any 2 or 3 Integers. Here we have taking X and Y as Integers.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

End Sub

Now, as discussed above, we will calculate division mathematical expression. For X, we will put a character in Numerator and divide it 0. And Y will be 20/2, which is complete numbers.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

X = Test / 0 Y = 20 / 2

End Sub

Now to overrule this error, we will add one line On Error Resume Next before we write the mathematical code. It will jump the error code, but we will not able to see the outcome of the second mathematical code. This only hides the error message of various codes lines, as shown below. Now try to run the code as well.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

On Error Resume Next

X = Test / 0 Y = 20 / 2 MsgBox X MsgBox Y

End Sub

Example #2

In this example, we will consider that mathematical division which gives infinite result, but in coding, it will #DIV/0 result. To demonstrate this, we will consider one more integer Z along with X and Y in a subcategory, as shown below.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

End Sub

Now frame all the integers X, Y, and Z with a mathematical expression of divide and to print it use MsgBox function in VBA of each integer’s result.

Below for Integer X, we have divided 10 by 0, 20 by 2 and 30 by 4.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z

End Sub

Now run the code using the F5 key or manually, as shown below.

As we can see in the above screenshot, Run-time error 11, which means the error is related to the number. Now to overcome this, add one line On Error Resume Next before mathematical expression as shown below.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

On Error Resume Next

X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z

End Sub

Example #3

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

End Sub

Now also consider the same mathematical division which we have seen in the above example.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z

End Sub

If we run the code, we will get the same error message of Run-time error 11.

Now to overrule this error, use text On Error GoTo with the word “ “Result to skip the error message and get the output which works fine, as shown below.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

On Error GoTo

ZResult: X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 ZResult: Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z

End Sub

Now run the code again. We will get the same result as the previous example.

On Error GoTo ZResult helps us to directly jump of mentioned result point integer as we did for integer Z.

Example #4

In the third type of error, when we run the code and VBA is not able to understand the line of code. This can be done with the help of code On Error Resume Next along with MsgBox Err.Number. Consider the same data as used in the above examples. We will again see the same 3 integers X, Y, and Z, as shown below.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

End Sub

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z

End Sub

Now, if we run the complete code, then we will get an error message of mathematical error Run time error 11.

Now to overrule this error, we will use On Error Resume Next.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

On Error Resume Next

X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z

End Sub

And run the code. This will give a use result on a valid mathematical line, as shown below.

Now further add ZResult code line before Z integer division mathematical expression and add MsgBox Err.Number code line at the end of code as shown below.

Sub

OnError()

Dim

As Integer

, Y

As Integer

, Z

As Integer

On Error Resume Next

X = 10 / 0 Y = 20 / 2 ZResult: Z = 30 / 4 MsgBox X MsgBox Y MsgBox Z MsgBox Err.Number

End Sub

Now run the code by using the F5 key or by pressing the play button, as shown below.

As we can see in the above screenshots. The first message box has 0, which is overruling of incorrect mathematical expression. 2nd and 3rd have a division result of Y and Z integers. And last message box has run time error code 11, which is probably the error code of X integer’s division expressions.

Pros of VBA On Error

We can calculate any mathematical formula even if it is incorrect.

For bigger coding structures where there are chances of having an error, using these methods may give correct result even among the line of codes.

This gives a better result as compared to the result obtained from normal excel calculations.

Things to Remember

Always save the file in a Macro-Enabled Excel file so that we can use created VBA code many and multiple times.

Always compile the written code before implementing with any excel requirement.

You can download this VBA On Error Excel Template here – VBA On Error Excel Template.

Recommended Articles

This has been a guide to Excel VBA On Error. Here we discussed how to use VBA On Error Statement along with some practical examples and a downloadable excel template. You can also go through our other suggested articles–

Complete Guide To Mysql Date_Sub()

Definition on MySQL DATE_SUB()

The date_sub() is a built-in function of MySQL database server, which is used to make the difference of a time or date value from a date or DateTime value and outputs the result as date or DateTime. The function accepts two arguments; the first argument passed is starting date or initial date from which the second argument, which is the time interval, is subtracted argument to generate the output. The function can output the result in various units. The unit should be passed in the function we want our output to be.

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Syntax:

Below is the syntax of MySQL Date_sub():

DATE_SUB (start_date,time expression unit)

Mathematically, the Date_sub function can also be written as below:

Date_sub=difference(start_date,time interval)

The above syntax of date_sub() takes two arguments. They are:

start_date is the initial date or datetime value or beginning date.

A time expression is a string representing a time value subtracting from the start_date value. The unit is the time unit as year, month, day, etc.

The unit can be microseconds, seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, months, years, quarters, second_microsecond, minute_microsecond, minute_second, hour_microsecond, hour_second, hour_minute, day_microsecond, day_second, day_minute, day_hour, year_month, etc.

The following statement uses the date_sub () function to subtract two days from May 24, 2023:

Examples of MySQL DATE_SUB()

Below are the examples mentioned for better understanding :

Example #1

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-24',interval 2 day) AS result;

Output:

The above example’s start date is 2023-05-24, written in the yyyy-mm-dd format. The second argument is a 2-day interval. The output of the date_sub() function is 2023-05-22 in the console.

Example #2

Below is the query where the time interval is of 5 hours:

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-24',interval 5 hour) AS result;

Output:

Since the time interval is 5 hours, the function’s output is a DateTime value.

Query with a Negative Interval

The interval or second argument’s time expression could be positive or negative. We can handle both positive and negative time intervals passed as the second parameter in the date_sub() function. When the time interval is negative, the date_sub() function functions similarly to the date_add() function, as demonstrated in the query below:

Example #3

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-24',interval -2 day) AS result;

Output:

In the above query, we have passed a negative 2-day interval as our second parameter. Therefore, two days are added to the starting or initial days in the output.

Example #4

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-02-29',interval -2 day) AS result;

Output:

In the above query, the start date is 2023-02-29, and the second argument, i.e., the interval is a negative interval of 2 days. Technically, the output of the query must be 2023-02-30, which is an invalid date as there is no 30th day in February month. Therefore the output of the query is March 2nd, 2023.

Query for an Invalid or Abnormal Date Example #5

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-02-35',interval -2 Day) AS result;0

Output:

In the example below, 2023-02-35 is an invalid date; therefore, it gives the output NULL and a warning message in the output console.

Example #6 Show warnings;

Output:

Example #7

Query:

Select date_sub(null,interval 1 Day) AS result;

Output:

Since, In the above query, we have passed a null value in the initial date value as our first parameter, whatever we give as an interval in the second argument will output a null value.

Query for Automatic Adjusted Day

When subtracting a MONTH, YEAR, or YEAR_MONTH interval from a date, if the result is a date with a day number greater than the maximum day of the new month, the day will be adjusted to the maximum day in the new month.

The below query explains the automatically adjusted day concept easily.

Example #8

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-30',interval 1 month) as result;

Output:

In this example, we subtracted one month from May 24th, 2023, so the outcome is April 30th, April.

Example #9

Query:

Select Date_sub('2023-05-24',interval 2 week) AS 'negative week'; Select Date_sub('2023-05-24', interval 2 month) AS 'negative month'; Select Date_sub('2023-05-24',interval 2 quarter) AS 'negative quarter';

Output:

Example #10

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-24 11:00:00', interval 6 hour) As result;

Example #11

Query:

Select date_sub(curdate(), interval 6 hour) AS result

Output:

Example #12

Query:

select date_sub(curdate(), interval -2 day) result;

Output:

Example #13

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-24 12:20:20.000010',interval 1000 microsecond) As result;

Output:

Example #14

Query:

Select date_sub('2023-05-24 12:20:20.000010',interval 750 microsecond)As result;

Output:

Note:

If we specify a time interval value that is too small for the specified unit, the DATE_SUB() will assume that the user did not provide the left-most part of the interval value.

DATE_SUB function with a negative value as a parameter is the same as that of the DATE_ADD function.

The DATE_SUB function is used in the below-mentioned versions of MySQL:

MySQL 5.7, MySQL 5.6, MySQL 5.5, MySQL 5.1, MySQL 5.0, MySQL 4.1, MySQL 4.0, MySQL 3.23

Conclusion – MySQL DATE_SUB()

In this article, we learned how MySQL date_sub() function subtracts the time from a date or datetime value in various units. We have tried to explain every aspect of the date_sub() function easily with the query with almost all the units like microseconds, days, months, years, weeks, quarters, etc., along with the screenshots of the output console for a better understanding of the reader. We have also learned about the negative date-time concepts of the date_sub() function.

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We hope that this EDUCBA information on “MySQL DATE_SUB()” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information.

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