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In March 2023, Instagram switched its feed from chronological to using an algorithm to rank the “best” posts first.
Well, at the rate that things change in the digital marketing world, that’s like telling you a story that begins, “A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away…”
Let’s take a closer look at how Instagram’s algorithm works now and check out some examples of the latest video best practices.
For starters, we’ll see how Instagram’s algorithm works for normal Feed posts, Stories, IGTV videos, and Reels, because Instagram seems to reward content creators who invest in creating a combination of these formats.
How Instagram’s Algorithm Works for Feed PostsBack in June 2023, Instagram shared its six key ranking factors publicly for the first time.
And, surprisingly, this algorithm hasn’t changed dramatically since then.
Three main factors determine what users see in their Instagram Feed:
Interest: How much Instagram predicts you’ll care about a post, with higher ranking for what matters to you as determined by past behavior on similar content (and, potentially, machine vision analyzing the actual content of the post).
Recency: How recently the post was shared, with prioritization for timely posts over weeks-old ones.
Beyond those core factors, three additional signals that influence rankings are:
Frequency: How often you open Instagram, as it will try to show you the best posts since your last visit.
Following: If you follow a lot of people, Instagram will be picking from a wider breadth of authors so you might see less of any specific person.
Usage: How long you spend on Instagram determines if you’re just seeing the best posts during short sessions, or it’s digging deeper into its catalog if you spend more total time browsing.
Actually, something else has changed since June 2023.
Rachel Reichenbach, an artist and small business owner who makes cute frog characters, revealed these changes in a post on the Rainylune blog entitled, Why your Instagram Engagement Kinda Sucks Right Now.
Ms. Reichenbach added,
She also noted that the algorithm takes into account and considers favorably using in-app camera and filters, geolocation tagging, messaging, and story buttons, among other factors.
That also means that you should use all of Instagram’s products – including Stories, IGTV, and Reels.
And you should use them consistently and frequently, even if this isn’t realistic or sustainable.
According to Ms. Reichenbach, Instagram’s algorithm for normal Feed posts rewards you for posting three times per week.
So, you could post on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, or Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. But you should post every other day.
She recommended that marketers try to publish posts consistently at the same time each day, during your followers’ peak hours. Reichenbach notes that the Instagram algorithm prefers consistency and patterns.
To see an example of practicing what you preach, check out one of her Rainylune account on Instagram to see how consistently and frequently she posts:
Now, take a look at Marwan Parham Al Awadhi’s DJ Bliss account on Instagram to see how consistently and frequently this Emirati disc jockey posts:
Next, analyze Nabaa Al Dabbagh’s ISpeakFootballOnly account on Instagram to see on consistently and frequently this female football (aka soccer) analyst posts:
Finally, kick the tires of Ghaith Al Falasi’s Ghaith_79 account on Instagram to see how consistently and frequently this race car driver and drift enthusiast posts:
How Instagram’s Algorithm Works for StoriesInstagram Stories launched back in August 2023.
The product lets users post ephemeral photos and videos that disappear in 24-hours, just like Snapchat Stories.
In fact, Instagram’s former CEO, Kevin Systrom, openly admitted that the feature was copied from Snapchat in an effort to attract users away from the popular disappearing-message start-up.
In December 2023, Instagram introduced Stories Highlights and Stories Archive as a way to keep your stories around for more than 24 hours.
Stories Highlights appear in a new section on your profile below your bio.
According to a post by Jillian Warren, a content marketer at Later based in the UK, Instagram Stories that appear higher in your feed are those with whom you interact the most.
She adds, “The Instagram Stories algorithm also puts a lot of focus on timeliness, as it wants to make sure it’s always showing you the latest stories from your favorite accounts.”
So, it’s a good idea to post consistently and frequently to Instagram Stories.
According to Reichenbach, this should be “8-10 Stories per week, preferably 2+ per day.”
This isn’t a typo.
This explains why many Instagram influencers have started to feel like they’re working overtime for the app instead of for themselves.
And that’s why more and more Instagram influencers are turning to tools like Later to plan, optimize, and schedule their Instagram Stories.
Now, it’s possible to create 8 to 10 Stories per week or two per day, and still make them interesting and engaging. But, it isn’t easy.
So, if you want to see examples of Highlights of Instagram Stories, then check out Rainylune’s frog device:
Now, take a look at some of Stories about Food from DJ Bliss:
Next, analyze some of ISpeakFootballOnly’s Stories:
Finally, kick the tires of some of the Stories about Brands from Ghaith_79:
How Instagram’s Algorithm Works for IGTV VideosInstagram launched IGTV, a video platform intended to compete against YouTube, in June 2023.
Normal users can upload videos from 1 to 15 minutes long, while creators and accounts with larger audiences can upload videos of up to one hour.
IGTV has a dedicated button in the Instagram app, in addition to a standalone app that was released the same day.
“Instagram Stories that appear first in a user’s feed are from accounts they engage with most. Comments, likes, and DMs all count toward your place in a user’s feed. Users are also shown Stories by location, which is why using location hashtags in Stories is becoming more common,” she said.
Saraco also noted that people are more likely to see your new updates when they engage with your Stories.
And according to Ms. Reichenbach, Instagram’s algorithm rewards you for posting 1 to 3 IGTV videos a week.
Now, that can be more video than some content creators can crank out week after week.
But, that’s why Ms. Saraco recommends reposting old content to Stories.
She says, “This brings your best content back to the top, showing it to more people who may have missed it the first time around.”
However, Ms. Saraco cautions that Instagrammers should repurpose content only sparingly as you do not want users to see the same photos coming up again and again on your gallery.
Now, take a look at one of the IGTV videos from DJ Bliss:
Next, analyze one of the IGTV videos from ISpeakFootballOnly:
And see also one of the IGTV videos from Ghaith_79:
How Instagram’s Algorithm Works for ReelsFinally, Instagram rolled out Reels, a short-form video feature designed to compete against TikTok, in July 2023.
Like IGTV videos, Instagram serves suggested Reels in a new tab, as well as relevant Explore pages.
And like Instagram’s algorithm for IGTV videos, the algorithm for Reels prioritizes content from the accounts you interact with the most, as well as the type of posts you typically engage with, based on a machine learning model of what Instagram thinks you will like.
And according to Ms. Reichenbach, Instagram’s algorithm rewards you for posting 4-7 Reels per week.
She adds, “Please keep in mind that all of this is just Instagram’s Ideal, and Instagram does not care about your mental health and sanity!!”
Check out some of Rainylune’s Reels:
Now, take a look at some of the Reels from DJ Bliss:
And Jim Louderback, the GM and SVP of VidCon, just let me know that Instagram has just downgraded TikTok cross-posting to Reels. He says:
“In a new ‘Tips for Getting Discovered’ post, Instagram says that videos with burned in logos will be de-emphasized in the algorithm. That same post offers tips for how to make Reels that will surprise, inspire, and delight – and hopefully get more views, too. Just a few years ago Instagram was happy for you to promote your TikTok and chúng tôi content, but that seems to have changed.”
More Feeds Require More Feeding“According to Jackson Williams, who helps oversee talent outreach and development on Instagram, the contents of Ms. Reichenbach’s post were generally accurate, as was her characterization of the meeting,” wrote Herrman.
Mr. Williams told Mr. Herrman that this isn’t a secret; in fact, it’s the same sort of thing they talk about at influencer events such as VidCon.
Mr. Williams, however, pushed back against the idea that Instagram was punishing users who didn’t engage with Reels. “There’s no penalty for not using Reels,” he said. “Broadly speaking, this is an Instagram best practices sort of thing,” he added.
Nevertheless, Mr. Williams acknowledged, that “burnout is top of mind for us” at Instagram, and that the platform tries to encourage content creators — or “partners” in the platform’s parlance — to be “intentional about the role Instagram plays in their lives.”
Asked by Mr. Herrman how he might convey this to anxious Instagrammers hungry for insider information and then disheartened when they finally hear it, Mr. Williams echoed what Ms. Reichenbach’s representative told her: “There’s no one-size-fits-all,” he said. But, he added, “Consistency is key.”
However, this actually means that Instagrammers need to consistently and frequently create interesting and engaging content that gets lots of Shares, Saves, Comments, and Likes.
Khaled Akbik, Director of Content at the New Media Academy (NMA) in the United Arab Emirates, is currently conducting a series of experiments to find out if different types of engagement have bigger impacts.
Mr. Akbik was willing to share the early results from the initial experiments for two organic Instagram posts. In an email to me, he said:
“We made sure the posts were published around the same time of the day in two consecutive days and kept everything else the same in terms of our usual publishing strategy. We created a super short video asking people to only ‘SAVE’ the post and NOT to Like, Comment, or Share it. And another video, same length, same format, asking people to ‘LIKE’ it only.”
Here are the initial results for the “Save” call-to-action (CTA):
Reach: 5,457
Likes: 131
Comments: 12
Shares: 21
Saves: 200
Here are the initial results for the “Like” CTA:
Reach: 2,494
Likes: 159
Comments: 3
Shares: 2
Saves: 13
Mr. Akbik said in his email, “Obviously this is a far cry from being scientific, but a little experiment that gives somewhat of an indication.” He still needs to experiment with the “Share” and “Comment” CTAs.
But, he adds, “I believe that the order of weightage when it comes to Instagram’s algorithm goes like: Share, Save, Comment, and Like.”
So, what’s the net-net? The more we learn about how Instagram’s algorithm works, the more it appears that the platform’s video best practices in 2023 require content creators – or “partners” – to spend more time feeding more Feeds.
And that isn’t easy.
More Resources:
Image Credits
All screenshots taken by author with permission, February 2023
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How Does Pseudocode Algorithm Work?
Introduction to Pseudocode Algorithm
Pseudocode algorithm is used while programming or is associated with writing algorithms. Pseudocode is a method that helps the programmer to define an algorithm’s implementation. We can also say that pseudocode is a cooked-up representation of a basic algorithm. In pseudocode algorithms, the algorithms are represented using pseudo codes as it is easier for anyone to interpret the pseudo-codes even if they do not have any programming background or are used to a different programming language. As the name explains itself, pseudo-codes is a false code that can be understood by a layman with a basic knowledge of programming.
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How does Pseudocode Algorithm Work?Writing an algorithm using pseudocodes is quite similar to writing in a coding language. Writing an algorithm is done on its own line in sequence. Generally, uppercase is used for writing the instructions and lowercase is used for writing the variables and the messages are written is sentence case. In pseudocode, the question is asked in INPUT and the message is printed by the OUTPUT.
Examples of Pseudocode AlgorithmFollowing are the examples as given below:
Example #1In this example, we will check if the user has age below 50 years or more.
Step 1
Put the input value
The input is stored in the respective variable ‘age’
INPUT user inputs their age
STORE the user’s input in the age variable
Step 2
OUTPUT ‘My age is less than 50’
ELSE
OUTPUT ‘My age greater than 50’
OUTPUT ‘My age is:’ age
Actual Code:
print(“My age is :”, Age)
Output:
Example #2Step 1
Put the input value
The input is stored in the respective variable ‘age’
INPUT user inputs their age
STORE the user’s input in the age variable
Step 2
Code:
OUTPUT ‘My age is:’ age
Code:
print(“My age is :”, Age)
Output:
Example #3Step 1
Put the input value of Rahul’s age
The input is stored in the respective variable ‘Rahul’
INPUT user inputs their Rahul’s age
STORE the user’s input in the Rahul variable
Step 2
IF rahul< 50 THEN
OUTPUT ‘Rahul age is less than 50’
ELSE
OUTPUT ‘Rahul age greater than 50’
OUTPUT ‘Rahul age is:’ Rahul
Put the input value of Ankush’s age
The input is stored in the respective variable ‘Ankush’
INPUT user inputs their Ankush’s age
STORE the user’s input in the ankushvariable
Step 4
IF ankush<50 THEN
OUTPUT ‘Ankush age is less than 50’
ELSE
OUTPUT ‘Ankush age greater than 50’
OUTPUT ‘Ankush age is:’ Ankush
Step 5
Another condition is used here, where the values under the variables ‘Rahul’ and ‘Ankush’. If the condition fulfils then print the output statement otherwise print the else statement.
OUTPUT ‘Rahul is elder than Ankush’
ELSE
OUTPUT ‘Ankush is elder than Rahul’
Actual Code:
end
Output:
Example #4Step 1
Put the input value of age
The input is stored in the respective variable ‘age’
INPUT user inputs their age
OUTPUT ‘Actually I am:’ age
Step 2
IF age == 60 THEN
OUTPUT ‘Got to know that, your age is 60’
Step 3
IF age==5 THEN
OUTPUT ‘Got to know that, your age is 5’
Step 4
ELSEIF age==0 THEN
OUTPUT ‘Got to know that, you are not born :P’
ELSE
OUTPUT ‘Sorry! I guess we are unable to determine your age’
OUTPUT ‘Told you man! my age is:’ age
Actual Code:
print(“Told you man! my age is: “, Age )
Output:
Advantages
Pseudo codes help the codes to majorly focus on the logic which is to be used in the program rather than the syntax of the programming language.
Pseudo codes are independent of any programming language which makes it easier to translate it into various languages.
The coders are given the liberty to express their logic in plain English language without any restraints of major syntaxes.
Writing actual codes become easier for the coder if they use pseudo-codes for writing the algorithm initially. As basic algorithms are not so concise and pseudo codes make the algorithm concise enough to make it more readable and easier for modification.
If we compare flow charts to pseudo-codes, flow charts are lengthier to write and difficult to represent. On the other hand, pseudo-codes are easier to write and programs can be easily translated. The coders just have to focus on the meaning underlined. The major line of focus is to solve the problem with logic rather than being stuck at using the language perfectly.
Using pseudo-code words and phrases while writing an algorithm eases the process of translation of algos into actual programming codes.
Conclusion Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Pseudocode Algorithm. Here we also discuss the definition and how the pseudocode algorithm works along with different examples and its code implementation. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
How Bcrypt Works In Flask
Introduction to Flask bcrypt
Flask bcrypt is defined as a flask extension that enables users with utilities related to bcrypt chúng tôi bcrypt is a hashing function for password that is based on the Blowfish cipher and incorporates salt for protecting the application against any rainbow table attacks. We know, too many new terminologies. Let us decipher that! Salt is an additional input of random data that helps safeguard passwords when stored whereas rainbow table is a precomputed table that enables caching of cryptographic hash functions quite often used for cracking password hashes. The bcrypt is an adaptive function which can be deliberately made slower so that application is resistant to brute force attacks.
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Syntax of Flask bcrypt1. Installing Flask bcrypt module in python.
pip install flask-bcrypt2. Instantiate bcrypt object in python.
from flask import Flask from flask.ext.bcrypt import Bcrypt appBcrypt = Flask(__name__) bcrypt = Bcrypt(appBcrypt)3. Hash a password using defined method through the bcrypt object created.
Python 2:
Python 3:
4. Check a hashed password through the bcrypt object created.
How bcrypt Works in Flask?
In order to understand about hashing and in particular about bcrypt, it is important for us to understand a few terminologies which might be either new are so confusingly used that there is a need to clear the air of confusion. The first interchangeable terms that are used are Authentication and Authorization. In the process of authentication, we make sure on who the user is as they claim them to be, whereas in authorization, it is made sure that user is allowed to access a route or resource. Hence, the password about which we will talk about in hashing using Bcrypt, needs to undergo authentication and once authenticated, the user will be authorized to proceed with the next tasks.
These passwords are very critical to oneself, as one’s either financial or personal data might be at risk of compromise in case the passwords falls into wrong hands and can even lead to a terrible security breach. Hence, the stored password should never be in plain text. Now, in case we need to store password, we need to hash a password and then store it into the database. This process of hashing is alternatively termed as one-way encryption which has a motto of never decrypting the password. Now, if the password is never decrypted, how does it authenticate. For this we hash the password sent by user and then match the hash value instead of performing decrypt on the stored hashed password. One of the technique or modules which enables flask to perform such hashing operation is present in flask bcrypt about which we will now know on how this module works, now that we have the clear understanding of the circumstances bcrypt works in.
At first, we would need to install the flask-bcrypt module in the environment that is used for development of the flask application. We would need to use pip command while installing the module. As a next step, we would need to start building our flask application where we would need to first import the installed module. Once the import is complete, we would need to instantiate the object of bcrypt. With this we can now use the object created throughout the code. At this point we have an object of bcrypt created that will have all the API calls necessary for the utilities of hashing in a flask application.
There are various hash methods present. With any one of the hashing methods, we would try to generate a password hash by available hashlib ones and keep the hashed password same. With this hashed password, when a user tries to input another password, we would use the API of check_password_hash. This API will take in 2 values, one being the hash value and the other being the input of the user. Now the API will try to hash the value of the input by user and then look if the hash value of the user input matches to the hash value of the stored password and in this way it will authenticate the user.
Incase one tries to look at the hashed password, what they will see is a byte literal which might not make any sense, but instead contains information of the hashed value and also about the information on how the password was hashed. We also talked about a utility of bcrypt where in we can increase the time it takes to hash the password. By doing this we can delay the quick successive brute force attacks and thus saving from any malicious attacks. With this we now know the working of bcrypt in flask and what environment are they used in.
Examples of Flask bcryptGiven below are the examples of Flask bcrypt:
Example #1Installing flask bcrypt module in python.
Syntax:
pip install flask-bcryptOutput:
Example #2Hash a password using defined method through the bcrypt object created.
Syntax:
from flask import Flask, request from datetime import timedelta from flask_bcrypt import Bcrypt appBcrypt = Flask(__name__) bcryptObj = Bcrypt(appBcrypt) @appBcrypt.route("/login", methods = ['POST','GET']) def login(): if request.method == 'POST': studentName = request.form['studentName'] password = request.form['password'] hashPassword = bcryptObj.generate_password_hash(password) The hashed password is being followed is: {}'''.format(studentName, password, hashPassword) if __name__ == "__main__": appBcrypt.run(debug=True)Output:
Example #3Check a hashed password through the bcrypt object created.
Syntax:
from flask import Flask, request from datetime import timedelta from flask_bcrypt import Bcrypt appBcrypt = Flask(__name__) bcryptObj = Bcrypt(appBcrypt) @appBcrypt.route("/login", methods = ['POST','GET']) def login(): if request.method == 'POST': studentName = request.form['studentName'] password = request.form['password'] hashPassword = bcryptObj.generate_password_hash(password) if bcryptObj.check_password_hash(hashPassword, 'eduCBA'): The password matches with the first group'''.format(studentName) elif bcryptObj.check_password_hash(hashPassword, 'eduCBAPremium'): The password matches with the Premium group'''.format(studentName) else: return ''' None of the group ''' if __name__ == "__main__": appBcrypt.run(debug=True)Password matches the first group:
Password matches the premium group:
Password matches the none of the groups:
ConclusionIn this article we have got to know about the full details of what bcrypt is and an hands-on training on how hashing looks like and how hashed values are checked even without decrypting it back. Now it lies in hands of reader to utilize the knowledge in their flask application password hashing.
Recommended ArticlesWe hope that this EDUCBA information on “Flask bcrypt” was beneficial to you. You can view EDUCBA’s recommended articles for more information.
How Does Oracle Cloud Works?
Definition of Oracle Cloud
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Oracle cloud offers Platform as a Service(PaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Data as a Service (DaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Again, these services are implemented to build, integrate, extend and deploy applications in the cloud.
Similarly, this platform provisions several open standards such as HTML5, SQL, REST, etc., open-source applications such as Spark, Kafka, Hadoop, MySQL, Terraform, Kubernetes, etc. and also a multiplicity of programming languages, tools, databases, and frameworks comprising Open Source, Oracle Specific as well as third party systems and software.
Why do we need oracle cloud?Further, it will permit IT for converging on key business creativities and thus assisting organizations with deliberate projects vs protecting the lights on and be present in the data center business.
Some of the real remunerations of moving to the Oracle cloud and why we need it mentioned as follows:
Lower Costs: Since, subscription costs can be a money saver and so Oracle cloud brings more than the subscription costing so thus providing cost savings of hardware, improved business flexibility, and also greater efficiencies in the long and short term.
Future Proofing: Since, the Oracle cloud is hassle-free and simple to implement thus, it delivers a future-proofed solution that helps to move legacy workload on an updated platform.
Simplicity: Without transferring to over-complexity, using Oracle cloud IaaS solution to move the prevailing workload simply and ensuring for improved performance and cost.
Innovative Agility: With the Oracle cloud, any sprightly response raised from anyone’s ability can be scaled up quickly for controlling additional locations, developer processes, analytics projects, and so on and including scale down when business or projects slows or complete.
How does Oracle cloud works?Generally, cloud computing is defined to be the grouping of the implementation of computer technology i.e. calculating as well as Internet-based development i.e. the cloud. Hence, the cloud denotes as an allegory of the internet since this is the cloud which is basically illustrated also in the computer network graphs.
Advantages
Offers hardware cost savings, superior efficiencies, and growths business flexibility in a little and lengthy-term.
Provides automated and streamlined work performance using shared infrastructure which empowers the tasks to execute quickly scale up or down for meeting the demands.
Delivering a future proof solution with easy hassle-free for working to move the legacy workload to modern platforms.
Supports streamlined procedure for migrating applications like ERP, analytics software, and also the present architecture to the cloud.
It offers scalable infrastructure, hardware, development capabilities including software options which has provision for business.
The prevailing infrastructure constituents of Oracle Cloud are not sufficient to execute all cloud solutions.
Improvement is needed for UI navigation.
The user interface consists of glitches and requires tags to be supplemented to develop the services.
Integration with few other tools or say the cloud solutions is not upfront or not existing.
Load balancing ability includes partial functionality.
The dependability is not good enough where occurrences may not be accessed occasionally.
Problems exist with database connectivity.
The requirement of extra templates.
Data confidentiality risk.
Vulnerability for attack
ExamplesOracle cloud empowers secure integration among its several services, cloud services, and customer applications from other suppliers where these all services function collectively in integrated cloud environs.
Hence, in the cloud the application services are categorized as:
Software as a service(SaaS)
Data as a Service(DaaS)
Again, platform services are categorized into the following:
Platform as a Service(PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service(PaaS)
Usage of Oracle cloud
The Oracle cloud services are offered by Oracle for delivering the cloud applications, storage, processing, and servers on the global network which consists of organized data centers set. This network itself is constructed on 25Gb Ethernet where no node is disconnected from another node by multiple hops with the flat topology of the network. This network thus provides Oracle the confidence to deal with a solid service level agreement i.e. SLA.
Here, platform, software, infrastructure, and data services such as PaaS, IaaS, DaaS, and IaaS can all be implemented to integrate or outspread a company’s applications into Oracle cloud or to construct and install new ones. Both the bare metal compute and virtualized multi-tenant deployment services may be associated with a single application program interface i.e. API.
ConclusionOracle cloud is known to be the public cloud service proposing of the database company. To run the Oracle databases, Oracle has placed and also personalized its cloud services as the finest option.
Also, it is a challenger today to the market prominent competitor named Amazon. Hence, Oracle holds a global network of succeeded data centers set for organizing their cloud assistances.
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How Exists Works In Mongodb?
Definition of MongoDB exists
MongoDB provides different types of functionality to the user, the MongoDB exists as one of the functionalities provided by MongoDB. Basically, MongoDB provides a different comparison operator to the user, $exists is one of the comparison operators, when we set the $exists operator in the field of collection that means the $exists operator is true. After that $exists operator compares all the documents from the collection including the null field. That means as per our requirement we can set the $exists operator in the collection and get the desired result. When the set $exists operator is false then it returns the documents that do not match with the set value.
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Syntax:
Explanation
After that, we set the comparison operator that is $exists is true as shown.
How exists works in MongoDB?Now let’s see how the $exists operator works in MongoDB as follows.
First, try to understand what the operator is. MongoDB provides different kinds of operators such as comparison, logical, element array and bitwise, etc. But we commonly used comparison operators among the different operators. Again we have different types of comparison operators such as eq, gt, lt, and gte, etc, and this operator we can use as per our requirement.
The working of the “not equal” operator is simple; we just need to mention the specified field name with the specified value that we want. The specified field name and specified value depend on the user. At the time of execution, it compares all specified values with all documents from the collection and if the value of the document is not equal to the specified value then it displays specified records.
Basically, the $exists operator is used to compare the field values that we need which means as per user requirement we can display the document from the collection. If we set $exists is true then it displays the matched field value that we already set and if we set $exist is false then it shows all fields that do not contain the field value that we already set from the collection. In the event that we make an association between collection and assortment, we see likenesses between lines – reports and sections – fields. The greatest contrast is that each archive from the same assortment can contain altogether different arrangements of fields. So the field can contain invalid, yet it might likewise not be there. Now and then, we need to separate between those. The method of doing checks additionally relies upon the utilization and what would you like to accomplish.
ExamplesNow let’s see different examples of the $exists comparison operator in the MongoDB for better understanding as follows.
First, we need to create the new collection but before that, we need to create the new database by using the following statement as follows.
First, we created a sample database by using the following statement as follows.
use sample
Explanation
In the above statement, we use the command to create the new database, here we successfully created a sample database and we use it. The end result or we can say the output of the above statement we illustrated by using the following screenshot as follows.
After successful creation of the database, we need to create the collection by using the following statement as follows.
Explanation
In the above statement, we use create collection command to create the new collection; here we created a new collection name as a student_sample as shown. The end result or we can say the output of the above statement we illustrated by using the following screenshot as follows.
Now we have a new collection, so now we need to insert the different document into the newly created collection that is student_sample with a null field so we can get the result. For insertion of the document, we can use the following statement as follows.
db.student_sample.insert({ name: “Sachin”, dept: “IT”, marks: 98, dbsm:null})
Explanation
By using the above statement we insert a document into the student_sample collection, in which we insert names of students, department of the student, and dbsm marks with the null field as shown. Now we can see all documents from the collection by using the following statement as follows.
db.student_sample.find()
Explanation
Now we have a collection with documents now implementing the $exists as follows.
db.student_sample.find({dbsm:{$exists: true}})
Explanation
In the above example, we use a comparison operator that is $exists as shown, here we set the field value that dbsm with true. The dbsm contains a null value. The end result or we can say the output of the above statement we illustrated by using the following screenshot as follows.
So similarly we can implement $exists with false as per user requirement as follow here we just need to write the false instead of true.
db.student_sample.find({dbsm:{$exists: false}})
ConclusionWe hope from this article you learn more about MongoDB exists. From the above article, we have learned the basic syntax of $exists and we also see different examples of exists. From this article, we learned how and when we use MongoDB exists.
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How Set Works In Haskell
Introduction to Haskell set
In Haskell as the name suggest set is used to store the elements, set are immutable in nature and comes under the data structure category, which provide us a way to store elements inside it, which should be in orders and unique as well. The set in Haskell provide us effective and efficient way of deletion, insertion and other operations. As we said they are immutable in nature that means if we try to modify the existing set it will always return us the new set containing the new modified elements.
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Syntax of Haskell setThe set is used to store the elements, and also we have to use some package to use it inside our program.
import qualified chúng tôi as Set:
name_of_set = Set.empty name_of_set = Set.singleton 'your single value' name_of_set = Set.fromList 'your list'As you can see in the above line of syntax, we have three different approaches by the use of it we can create a set in Haskell, one issuing empty, another one using singleton and third is form the existing list we have
Let’s take an practice syntax:
demoset = Set.emptyAs you can see in the above code of syntax we are trying to create an empty set by the use of ’empty’ method of set.
How set Works in Haskell?The set is used to store the elements, set store the unique element, also in order in which they inserted into the set. We have one simplest way to create the set in Haskell by the use of existing list we have, also we can create it by using the empty and singleton method available in Haskell set.
Let’s take a closer look at the import packages which is required to import in the program:
Packs to use for set:
1. import qualified chúng tôi as SetThis mentions package should be import in the program otherwise we will get error while creating the set in Haskell, because all the method of creating set present inside the package only. In order to access them it should be in the place.
2. Create set by using the existing list objectWe can create set by the use of existing list variable. For this we can use the ‘fromList’ from the set package available. But to use this we have to have set package imported into the program.
Let’s have a look at the syntax for the ‘fromList’ to start using it.
name_of_set = Set.fromList 'your list'As you can see in the above line of code, it is very easy to use a handle
Let’s take a sample piece of code:
demoset = Set.fromList [10, 20, 30]This will create a set which contain the elements from the list, and it will return us the new set by the existing list object in Haskell.
3. Create an empty setWe can also create an empty set by the use of ’empty’ method available inside the set package, for this also set package is to be present in the program at the top.
Let’s take a look at the syntax for the ’empty’ to start using it while programming:
name_of_set = Set.emptyAs you can see in the above line of code, it is very easy to use a handle.
Let’s take a sample piece of code:
Code:
demoset = Set.emptyThis will create a set which is empty.
4. Create set using the single valueIn Haskell we can also create a singleton set which will contain the single value inside it, for this we have ‘singleton’ method available in the set library of Haskell.
Let’s take an look at the syntax for the ‘singleton’ to start using it while programming:
name_of_set = Set.singleton 'your single value'let’s take an sample piece of code understand:
demoset = Set.singleton 'A'In the following ways we can create set in Haskell, but the set package is important to include it, is also an in built function of Haskell, so we do not require to install any dependency for this to use in our program.
Example of Haskell setGiven below is the example mentioned:
In this example we are trying to create the set in Haskell using the set library and fromList function of the set package.
Code:
import qualified chúng tôi as Set set1 = Set.fromList ['a'..'z'] set2 = Set.fromList [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60] set3 = Set.fromList ["Hello", "world", "bye", "enjoy", "moment"] set4 = Set.fromList [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7] set5 = Set.fromList [400, 200, 100, 500, 900, 800] set6 = Set.fromList ["value 1", "value 2", "value 3", "value 3", "value 4"] set7 = Set.fromList [1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5, 6.6] main = do print("Demo to show set in Haskell !!") print("Printing the result !!") print("first set is :::", set1) print("second set is :::", set2) print("third is :::", set3) print("fourth set is :::", set4) print("fifth set is :::", set5) print("sixth set is :::", set6) print("seventh set is :::", set7)Output:
ConclusionBy the use of set we can store our elements inside the set, it also main the orders of the insertion of the elements. One important thing about set that we only contained the unique elements, so in this way we can avoid duplicate data as well while preforming business logic for the application.
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