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Subvocalization is the act of “sounding out” words as you read them. Nearly everyone does it. It happens on a subconscious level. It is how we were taught to read and makes it possible to visualize the sound of words in order to interpret and comprehend them.
Syllable is an app that trains you to stop subvocalizing so you can read faster. It starts you off at a slow, comfortable pace, and works you up to 1,500 words per minute. You’ll be able to read an entire book during your lunch break with the help of this app…
DesignWith the most minimalist of designs, this app features two things: a white background and black text. There is a bright green border around your reading window, but there is very little else.
When you add an article to read in Syllable, it will be listed with the amount of time it will take to read based on how many words per minute (WPM) you’ve selected. For example, if you choose to read a particular article at 150 words per minute, it will show you that the article will take you four minutes and 36 seconds to read. If you speed up your WPM time to 250, it will shorten the time it takes to get through the same article to two minutes and 45 seconds.
You can add articles from your Instapaper or Pocket account by setting each app to allow access from Syllable. When you save an article in either app, it will automatically be populated into Syllable. You can also add articles by copying and pasting a URL link or write or paste your own text into a readable post.
In the settings section, you can change the font style, increase or decrease the size of the letters, switch from day to night mode, adjust the WPM speed, add more words to the screen from one to five, and change the brightness level of the screen.
App UseTo get started, log into your Pocket or Instapaper account. You don’t have to have these apps to use Syllable, but it makes it much easier to add articles. Once logged in, go back to your Pocket or Instapaper app and start grabbing articles to read. Then, open Syllable to see the generated list that will have all of your offline reading articles.
Pick a post by tapping it. When you do, you will be taken to a page that has a white background and the first word of the article. You can either start reading right away by tapping the word, or make the necessary changes to fine-tune your reading experience. I found that default starting WPM speed of 50 is much too slow and found that 225 WPM was a comfortable speed to begin my training.
You can also increase or decrease the size of the font. It is helpful to have large letters when trying to read fast, but not particularly realistic since the average font size of an article is 12.
After adjusting the speed and size of the words, try reading your first article. You will notice that you are not able to sound out the words in your head the way you normally do. This is because your brain is being forced to keep pace with the words that appear on the screen.
You can switch the screen to night mode in the settings section for a black background with white font. This works better when you are in a dimly lit environment because the bright white background can be harsh on the eyes.
While you are reading an article, you can tap the word to pause it, rewind a few seconds, and fast-forward a few seconds. When you’ve finished a whole article, you can tap it again to restart it.
When you are done reading an article, go back to the list to mark it as read. Swipe the post from left to right to bring up a check mark. Or, if you want to remove it from the list, swipe the post from right to left to bring up an “X” mark. This will delete the article from your list.
To add a new post without going through Instapaper or Pocket, copy the link to the article you want to read and then open Syllable. It will automatically ask you if you want to add the copied link to the list. Select “yes” to add it.
You can also write your own post to read in Syllable. Tap the plus (+) symbol at the top right of the screen to call up the options. Then, tap the “Text” tab and begin writing. You can either type your own words, or add an email that was sent to you, or some other text that you’ve copied. Just paste it into the Text post and tap the “Done” tab in the upper right corner of the screen and you can find it in the list and read it whenever you like. You’ll even be able to tell how long it will take to read at your current WPM pace.
The GoodIf you are trying to learn how to speed-read, this is a great app for helping you retrain your brain to not sound out words. I love being able to add articles from my Pocket account. Plus, being able to copy and paste emails into the Text feature makes reading messages from others a more focused event. I am less distracted while reading and more engaged in what is in front of me.
The BadIt would be nice to be able to add more reading apps to the list of compatible connections. I’d like to be able to add articles from the New York Times app or Flipboard to my reading list.
There were a few times when I was unable to restart an article that I had finished reading. I had to exit back to the article list and then select the post again in order to read it.
ValueSyllable is on sale for $0.99, which is the perfect price for an app like this. Other speed-reading apps can be downloaded for free, but require an in-app purchase in order to access all of the features. Some of them cost $4.99 to unlock. I don’t know the full price of the app, but I can say it is definitely worth $0.99. However, anything higher makes it a niche app that would only be worth buying if you are really into the idea of learning to speed-read.
ConclusionI’ve always wanted to learn how to read faster. I’m actually kind of slow at it. This app is great for slowly teaching you how to increase your WPM speed while helping you retrain your brain to stop subvocalizing when you read. It’s like Couch to 5K for your brain. If you are interested in learning how to speed read, download this app while it is on sale for $0.99.
Related AppsReadQuick is one app that also offers access to Instapaper and Pocket and lets you set the speed of words. Another similar app is Speed Reader, which has a more skeuomorphic look to it.
How fast do you read? Have you ever tried speed reading?
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Learn How To Create A Spark Dataset With Examples?
Introduction to Spark Dataset
Spark Dataset is one of the basic data structures by SparkSQL. It helps in storing the intermediate data for spark data processing. Spark dataset with row type is very similar to Data frames that work as a tabular form on the Resilient distributed dataset(RDD). The Datasets in Spark are known for their specific features such as type-safety, immutability, schemas, performance optimization, lazy evaluation, Serialization, and Garbage Collection. The Datasets are supported through Scala and Java programming APIs. Spark’s dataset supports both compile-time safety and optimizations, making it a preferred choice for implementation in the spark framework.
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Why do we need Spark Dataset?RDD is the core of Spark. Inspired by SQL and to make things easier, Dataframe was created on top of RDD. Dataframe is equivalent to a table in a relational database or a DataFrame in Python.
RDD provides compile-time type safety, but there is an absence of automatic optimization in RDD.
Dataframe provides automatic optimization, but it lacks compile-time type safety.
Dataset is added as an extension of the Dataframe. Dataset combines both RDD features (i.e. compile-time type safety ) and Dataframe (i.e. Spark SQL automatic optimization ).
As Dataset has compile-time safety, it is only supported in a compiled language( Java & Scala ) but not in an interpreted language(R & Python). But Spark Dataframe API is available in all four languages( Java, Scala, Python & R ) supported by Spark.
Language supported by Spark. Dataframe API Dataset API
Compiled Language (Java & Scala) YES YES
Interpreted Language (R & Python) YES NO
How to Create a Spark Dataset?There are multiple ways of creating a Dataset based on the use cases.
1. First Create SparkSession.getOrCreate()
To create a dataset using basic data structure like Range, Sequence, List, etc.:
To create a dataset using the sequence of case classes by calling the .toDS() method :
To create dataset from RDD using .toDS():
To create the dataset from Dataframe using Case Class:
To create the dataset from Dataframe using Tuples :
2. Operations on Spark Dataset1. Word Count Example
2. Convert Spark Dataset to Dataframe
We can also convert Spark Dataset to Datafame and utilize Dataframe APIs as below :
Features of Spark Dataset1. Type Safety: Dataset provides compile-time type safety. It means that the application’s syntax and analysis errors will be checked at compile time before it runs.
2. Immutability: Dataset is also immutable like RDD and Dataframe. It means we can not change the created Dataset. Every time a new dataset is created when any transformation is applied to the dataset.
3. Schema: Dataset is an in-memory tabular structure that has rows and named columns.
4. Performance and Optimization: Like Dataframe, the Dataset also uses Catalyst Optimization to generate an optimized logical and physical query plan.
5. Programming language: The dataset api is only present in Java and Scala, which are compiled languages but not in Python, which is an interpreted language.
6. Lazy Evaluation: Like RDD and Dataframe, the Dataset also performs the lazy evaluation. It means the computation happens only when action is performed. Spark makes only plans during the transformation phase.
7. Serialization and Garbage Collection: The spark dataset does not use standard serializers(Kryo or Java serialization). Instead, it uses Tungsten’s fast in-memory encoders, which understand the internal structure of the data and can efficiently transform objects into internal binary storage. It uses off-heap data serialization using a Tungsten encoder, and hence there is no need for garbage collection.
ConclusionDataset is the best of both RDD and Dataframe. RDD provides compile-time type safety, but there is an absence of automatic optimization. Dataframe provides automatic optimization, but it lacks compile-time type safety. Dataset provides both compile-time type safety as well as automatic optimization. Hence, the dataset is the best choice for Spark developers using Java or Scala.
Recommended ArticlesThis is a guide to Spark Dataset. Here we discuss How to Create a Spark Dataset in multiple ways with Examples and Features. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more –
How To Learn To Work With Ai And Not Avoid It
Human intellect and its tenacity for invention has led to technologies that have continuously transformed the way we live and work. Why should artificial intelligence (AI) be any different, asks Associate Professor Daswin De Silva at La Trobe University’s Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition.
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How we can learn to work with AI rather than avoiding it, asks Associate Professor Daswin De Silva at La Trobe University’s Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition.
The simple machines of wheels, levers, pulleys, industrial machines of gears, motors, engines, and digital machines of circuits, computers, clouds, are milestones of this transformation of physical and mental human labour into partial and full automation.
Remarkably, the rise of AI is a paradigm shift in this history of invention, where the automation is becoming intelligent.
Despite several failed attempts over the last sixty years, AI is substantiating its original definition coined by Professor Marvin Minsky in 1961 of ‘making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by humans.’
The most recent AI invention that is not just transforming but also disrupting most forms of knowledge work is ChatGPT by OpenAI.
Closer to home, ChatGPT is being leveraged (or exploited) by high-school and university students to automate their homework and assignments. At the other end, grading the assignments and providing descriptive feedback is also being automated by ChatGPT.
This conundrum of an ‘almost perfect’ intelligence disrupting both ends of a bilateral contract is a perfect example of why anyone not close to retirement must ‘learn to work with AI and not avoid it’.
Within the Education sector, we have effectively integrated the automation capabilities of the calculator and computer into teaching, similarly, we must now integrate the ‘automated intelligence’ of AI.
What does it mean to ‘integrate’?Rather simply, a ‘model answer/solution’ composed by ChatGPT should be provided along with the assessment task, and the task now revised to present attempts at improving or refining this baseline with their own arguments and conclusions. This is akin to learned knowledge produced by an AI that is understood and augmented by the human intellect.
This convenient (24/7) access to engage with an equal or better intelligence is highly likely improve and expand the intellectual abilities of an entire cohort, in contrast to the time-poor, resource-constrained setting of a classroom.
For the less enthusiastic among us who might seek to avoid or ignore AI, the wisdom of Sun Tzu is apt, “know your enemy (or in this case, workplace competition) and know yourself…”.
It is a matter of time until AI makes an imposing appearance at all workplaces; manual, physical, virtual and knowledge work.
But where do you begin to learn AI?It is important not to be distracted by the hype surrounding artificial intelligence (AI). The first step is to contextualise learning for your needs.
But needs can be as diverse as the domains and disciplines looking to capitalise on AI, therefore, position papers can be useful in recognising the general utility of AI.
In a recent paper, An artificial intelligence life cycle: From conception to production, researchers at La Trobe University reduced all AI into four foundational capabilities; prediction, classification, association, and optimisation, while also keeping in mind each application will carry a unique noun-verb combination, such as ‘face recognition’, ‘churn prediction’, ‘emissions forecasting’, ‘customer segmentation’, ‘traffic optimisation’ etc.
Second, a general understanding of AI and its practical applications can be freely obtained by reading across several recent articles from reputable sources, endorsed by crowdsourced metrics, that document the success of using AI or provide statistics of use in diverse domains.
Beyond this generality, educational institutions and online providers offer numerous courses of varying depth and breadth, from algorithms to applications.
A logical third step is to evaluate several courses, based on expected learning outcomes, cost, time investment and testimonials, to determine a course that aligns with your needs. Finally, it is imperative to apply the learned knowledge in a practical setting, which could be a formal work task, a work task replicate, a personal project or a simple prototype of an existing solution.
Concurrently, the tools for building AI have also come of age and it is now a matter of configuring existing blocks of code instead of writing code from scratch. This also means the lead time, development and deployment times are far less than it used to be ten years ago, signifying the ‘democratisation’ of AI.
Guidelines on how to work with AI as a productivity tool where AI supports or enables decision-making in creative or aesthetic tasks
AI output must be closely monitored to ensure cultural or social norms are adhered to,
full stakeholder awareness, even a ChatGPT generated response to an email must include a footnote,
continuous evaluation across multiple metrics.
Such AI must possess collaborative decision-making skills and conversational/interactive skills that engage all members of the team, as well as the training, awareness, oversight and evaluation metrics noted above.
Stepping beyond workplaces, we must acknowledge that AI is also transforming our personal lives, evidenced by the numerous examples of what we consume and what we watch to how we socialise and how we vote.
It is human to fear the unknown but avoiding AI will be to our detriment. Make the next article you read, or video watched, the start of your journey into the exciting future of AI.
Daswin De Silva, PhD, SMIEEE is Associate Professor and Deputy Director at the Centre for Data Analytics and Cognition at La Trobe University
Minsky, M. (1961). Steps toward artificial intelligence. Proceedings of the IRE, 49(1), 8-30.
De Silva, D., & Alahakoon, D. (2023). An artificial intelligence life cycle: From conception to production. Patterns, 100489.
How To Read Your Books, Comic Books And Docs With Just One Program?
In the Internet you can find a vast variety of documents published in different formats. They often have PDF extension, while comic books are usually saved in CBZ and CBR format. There are also books with their EPUB, DJVU and MOBI. You have to install a few programs to browse all these files. But maybe there is one to rule them all…?
Sumatra PDF is exactly this kind of a versatile program. This lightweight document reader allows its users to browse all kinds of documents saved in numerous formats – all so you don’t have to look for and install different applications for various formats. Sumatra PDF easily deals with the most popular document format – PDF – just like its name suggests.
Apart from PDFs, this reader allows to browse books in EPUB, MOBI and DJVU file formats. You can also use Sumatra PDF to browse comic books, as it effectively deals with CBZ and CBR formats. With this program it is possible to browse documents saved in XPS, CHM, and many other formats. The application is extremely lightweight - apart from making it versatile, the developers put emphasis on creating a really fast tool. Therefore its simple, intuitive interface will not present challenge even to beginning users.
Sumatra PDF displays a specific window with the content of a document, all according to the type of a file you want to browse. In the standard mode – in which for example PDF format files are opened – users can modify viewing options, set the number of pages displayed one next to another, go for continuous pages, and use zoom in and out tool. It is also possible to easily change to fullscreen display mode.
When you open a story or a book in EPUB format, another type of window is displayed, and the content of the novel is shown in a separate window that offers eye-friendly colours. The light beige of the pages and richly brown letters turn reading on a computer from an eye-destructive nightmare to a pleasurable experience. On both sides of the window there are arrows that allow to navigate between the pages, and at the bottom there is a notification bar that displays the site you are currently on.
Sumatra PDF can be also found in a portable version, so you can easily add it to your collection of mobile files on a pendrive or in a cloud. This way you can take additional burden off your system, and you don’t have to worry about installing yet another application after system format or reinstallation.
How To Read An Image File In External Storage With Runtime Permission In Android?
android:layout_width = “match_parent” android:layout_height = “match_parent” tools:context = “.MainActivity” <Button android:id = “@+id/read” android:text = “read” android:layout_width = “wrap_content” <ImageView android:id = “@+id/imageView” android:layout_width = “wrap_content” import android.content.pm.PackageManager; import android.graphics.Bitmap; import android.graphics.BitmapFactory; import android.os.Build; import android.os.Bundle; import android.os.Environment; import android.support.v4.app.ActivityCompat; import android.support.v4.content.ContextCompat; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.util.Log; import android.view.View; import android.widget.Button; import android.widget.ImageView; import android.widget.Toast; import java.io.File; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private static final int PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE<100; Button read; ImageView imageView; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); imageView<findViewById(R.id.imageView); read<findViewById(R.id.read); @Override String state<Environment.getExternalStorageState(); if (Environment.MEDIA_MOUNTED.equals(state)) { if (checkPermission()) { File dir<new File(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath() + “/images.jpeg”); if (dir.exists()) { Log.d(“path”, dir.toString()); BitmapFactory.Options options<new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inPreferredConfig<Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888; Bitmap bitmap<BitmapFactory.decodeFile(String.valueOf(dir), options); imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap); } } else { requestPermission(); } } else { File dir<new File(Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath() + “/images.jpeg”); if (dir.exists()) { Log.d(“path”, dir.toString()); BitmapFactory.Options options<new BitmapFactory.Options(); options.inPreferredConfig<Bitmap.Config.ARGB_8888; Bitmap bitmap<BitmapFactory.decodeFile(String.valueOf(dir), options); imageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap); } } } } }); } private boolean checkPermission() { int result<ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(MainActivity.this, android.Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE); if (result<= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) { return true; } else { return false; } } private void requestPermission() { if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(MainActivity.this, android.Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)) { Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, “Write External Storage permission allows us to read files. Please allow this permission in App Settings.”, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show(); } else { ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MainActivity.this, new String[] {android.Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE}, PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE); } } @Override public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String permissions[], int[] grantResults) { switch (requestCode) { case PERMISSION_REQUEST_CODE: Log.e(“value”, “Permission Granted, Now you can use local drive .”); } else { Log.e(“value”, “Permission Denied, You cannot use local drive .”); } break; } } <application android:allowBackup = “true” android:icon = “@mipmap/ic_launcher” android:label = “@string/app_name” android:roundIcon = “@mipmap/ic_launcher_round” android:supportsRtl = “true”
How To Test Your Home Internet Speed
Testing your internet connection’s performance is even more important with millions of extra workers working from home. You don’t need any extra software—a web browser will do. But there are also a few things you can do to make sure you are getting the most accurate reading of your internet connection. Here’s what to do!
Get readyLet’s turn to the PC. For best results, you’ll want to use a wired connection if at all possible; that way, you don’t have to worry about interference and performance fluctuations that can occur while you’re on Wi-Fi. If you have any other wired devices on your home network, plug your test computer directly into the modem so those don’t interfere. Again, we’re trying to learn how much bandwidth is coming directly into your home, before it begins getting divvied up among connected devices.
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If you’re stuck using Wi-Fi—say, you have a MacBook Air or a tablet or some other device that doesn’t have an ethernet port—do what you can to minimize interference. Make sure your Wi-Fi router is away from other electronic devices like cordless phones, and temporarily disconnect any other devices from your Wi-Fi network—after all, you don’t want another computer on your network to download a gigabyte worth of software updates while you run your tests.
While you’re at it, double-check to make sure your computer isn’t downloading something in the background. Check the Task Manager on Windows (summoned by pressing control-alt-delete) or Activity Monitor on MacOS, and look for network statistics (it’s labelled “Network”on MacOS, “Networking” on Windows).
Close or quit all apps on your computer to keep apps from downloading software updates while you test your connection. Your bandwidth usage may not drop to zero and stay there, but you want it as close to zero as it’ll get. If your operating system is downloading updates, there isn’t much you can do aside from wait and test your connection later.
If you’re having any problems with your connection, now is a good idea to reset your modem and router. Switch them off and unplug them for a few moments, then plug them back in and switch them on.
Test your connectionHere’s what Bing shows you:
Mark Hachman / IDG
If you use Microsoft’s Bing search engine, you can get your results back from your speed test back in a flash.
Mark Hachman / IDG
You’re perfectly welcome to go elsewhere, too. Ookla’s chúng tôi is the most common site to test your internet connection; all you need is a web browser with JavaScript turned on (it usually is unless you switched it off) and Adobe Flash installed. There are a couple of alternatives if you don’t have Flash installed (and don’t want it installed). There’s an HTML 5 version of Ookla’s Speedtest.net, or you can use chúng tôi which also uses HTML 5.
Speed of Me
Speedof.me is an HTML 5-based bandwidth graph that doesn’t rely on Adobe Flash.
Those aren’t your only options for testing your broadband connection; MegaPath also offers a speed test, as well as what it calls Speed Test Plus, which evaluates the quality of your connection in addition to its raw speed. Your ISP might also offer a speed test tool, though you may need to do a little poking around for it. And router manufacturers are increasingly including speed tests in their products’ firmware and/or the mobile apps they distribute with their products (although in that latter case, you’ll be using a wireless connection).
Don’t be surprised if testing on more than one service yields slightly different results. The amount of data each test uses, the latency to and from each server, and the always changing network conditions on the Internet will introduce some unavoidable variability. Time of day will as well; it’s no surprise that you’ll probably note higher speeds at midnight, say, when fewer people will be streaming. That variability is the reason that we run benchmark software multiple times when we test a laptop or CPU, to compute an average. Since the tests take a second or two to run, you can do the same.
Isolate the problemLinksys
Many router manufacturers include broadband speed-test utilities in the router’s firmware and/or in the mobile apps that ship alongside them.
Don’t be surprised if you’re not getting the top speed your ISP says it can deliver—almost no one does. But if your connection is significantly slower than what was promised, many different factors could be coming into play. There might be a problem with your equipment, or it could be an issue on your ISP’s end. Most ISPs maintain a tech-support page where you can go to see if they’re aware of any problems with their service. This link will take you to the location of AT&T’s DSL troubleshooter.
If you’ve jumped through all of those hoops, and you’re still have performance issues, it’s time to call your ISP’s tech-support line.
Updated on March 27 with additional details. Additional reporting by Mark Hachman.
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