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What is FIDO?

FIDO (Fast ID Online) is a collection of technology-neutral solid authentication security protocols. The FIDO Alliance, a non-profit organization dedicated to standardizing authentication at the client and protocol layers, created FIDO.

The FIDO specifications support multifactor authentication (MFA) and public-key cryptography. FIDO keeps it locally on the user’s device to protect personally-identifying information (PII), such as biometric authentication data, rather than in a password database.

The Universal Authentication Framework (UAF) and the Universal Second Factor (U2F) protocols are supported by FIDO. During registration with an online service, the client device establishes a new key pair using UAF and keeps the private key; the public key is registered with the online service.

During authentication, the client device verifies ownership of the service’s private key by signing a challenge, which entails a user-friendly action like submitting a fingerprint, entering a PIN, snapping a picture, or speaking into a microphone.

Benefits for Your Organization

FIDO authentication reduce the risks and damages of a data breach. Google Accounts, GitHub, Dropbox Twitter, and Yahoo Japan are just a few of the Web’s most popular tools and apps that use FIDO authentication.

Benefit for users − Users benefit from quick and secure authentication flows.

Benefit for developers − Simple APIs can be used by app and web developers to authenticate users securely.

Benefit for Businesses − Site owners and service providers can better protect users.

How Does FIDO Authentication Work?

A dependent party interacts with a user’s authenticator via APIs in a FIDO authentication pathway. Your service, which consists of a back-end server and a front-end application, is the reliant party.

A FIDO authenticator generates user credentials. A public and private key are both included in a user credential. The public key is shared with your service, while the private key is kept private by the authenticator.

An authenticator might be a built-in feature of the user’s device or a piece of external hardware or software. Authentication and registration are the two basic interactions for which the authenticator is used.

In an authentication scenario, the authenticator must produce proof of the user’s private key when the user returns to the service on a different device or after their session expires. It accomplishes this by responding to a server-issued cryptographic challenge.

Are FIDO Protocols Secure?

The FIDO protocols guarantee user privacy while providing lightning-fast and secure access to online services. FIDO protocols never provide information to online services that allows them to collaborate and track the user between services.

User trust is essential to the FIDO Alliance ecosystem’s success, which aims to protect users’ privacy while delivering strong authentication to online businesses.

The FIDO Alliance’s unmistakable commitment to preserving our users’ privacy is reflected in these Privacy Principles. The basis that makes the FIDO standards as privacy-protecting as they are secure is provided by the thorough technical procedures that pervade the specifications.

FIDO Privacy Principles

Some of FIDO’s privacy measures aren’t solely technological; some are policy-based, while others are concerned with the user experience.

Any operation involving personal data should require clear, informed user consent.

Provide the user with a clear context for any FIDO actions.

Personal data should only be collected for FIDO-related activities.

Only use personal information for FIDO operations.

Allow users to manage and view their FIDO Authenticators with ease.

Prevent illegal access to or disclosure of FIDO-related data.

Other technological precautions in the FIDO specifications include the fact that a key supplied to a single website can only be used in that website’s web browser, enhancing the strong border between sites. This criterion renders the theft of a public key for the purpose of phishing from a different source ineffective. It prevents several colluding sites from employing an Authenticator to rigorously verify and correlate a user’s identity. At the same time, they browse the Web.

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What Is Eleven Lab Ai? How Does It Work?

Whether you’re a publisher or creator, ElevenLabs has the ultimate tools for generating top-quality spoken audio in any voice and style. Their deep learning model utilizes high compression and context understanding to render human intonation and inflections with unprecedented fidelity. Plus, their software adjusts delivery based on context, making the spoken audio even more natural and engaging.

What Is A Green Screen (Chroma Key) & How Does It Work?

A green screen lets you change the background of an image or a video.

In videography, a green screen or chroma key is a technique used to change the background of a video to something more intriguing.

This guide teaches you what is a green screen and how it works.

Green Screens in Videography

In videography, having the right type of background can enhance the viewer’s experience. For example, an interview that takes place in a boring environment is not that appealing to watch.

To make the video more interesting to the viewers, the background has to be chosen carefully. This can mean the whole film crew has to travel far to achieve a nice background for the shot.

But it’s not always affordable, feasible, or even possible to shoot a video in a beautiful environment with an outstanding background. Also, in some situations, the desired backgrounds might not even exist in the real world.

This is where green screens help. With a green screen, all you need is a pure green wall to shoot the video anywhere in the world or virtual world. The green screen experiences are realistic, and the viewers cannot tell whether the video is actually shot onset in the background or not.

But how does a simple green screen turn into a nice view so naturally?

What Is a Green Screen?

Green Screen or Chroma Key is a backdrop of bright pure green canvas. The green screen makes it possible to change the background to any image, video, or live feed by the editors. In a sense, the green screen is a placeholder for the background.

With modern-day technology, the transition to the edited backdrop is natural and looks indistinguishable from actually shooting the film in that place.

The professional-level green screens are made of stretchable nylon spandex. But honestly, any bright green fabric can get the job done—at least to some extent. Some people might even paint the studio walls with green color to mimic green screens.

Why Green?

Now you might wonder why green screens are green, not red or blue, for example.

There is a simple explanation for this.

The green color is rarely used in everyday fashion or decor. Thus, the background color of green is not confused with the clothing, hair color, or such.

Other colors, like yellow, orange, brown, or red could also be used instead of green. But these colors are found in different shades all around us. This makes changing the background much harder.

Consider using a brown screen instead of a green screen. If a person with brown hair stepped into the view, the chroma key technology would think the hair is part of the background, not the person.

The green plant would make a green screen editor scratch their head.

How about a Blue Screen?

Blue is one of the rarest colors in nature. Very few animals, plants, or artificial objects are blue.

So why no blue screens instead of green screens?

The green color is not only a rare color, but cameras are also sensitive to it. As a matter of fact, digital cameras capture green color twice as much as any other color.

In other words, replacing a green color with the desired background is the easiest for the post-production teams.

Another benefit of the green color is you need less light for it to be bright enough. This saves money as the electricity consumption doesn’t need to be that high.

Even though it appears that the green screen is the way to go, there are some exceptions. As a matter of fact, blue screens are indeed sometimes used.

Why Blue Screens Are Used Sometimes?

Even though the brightness of the green screen is a great feature, it’s also why sometimes a blue screen is used.

Thanks to the brightness of the green screen, it can spill green color to some other relevant parts on the set. If an object reflects green light, it disappears into the green background.

This is typical when dealing with shiny objects that easily reflect light.

When filming a darker scene, a blue screen is much more post-production friendly. This is because the blue screen emits less light and is unlikely to melt objects into the background.

Using a blue screen is still more expensive because it requires much more light to work.

Next, let’s take a closer look at how the green screens work.

How Does a Green Screen Work?

To make a green screen work, the background surface has to be uniform. To accomplish this, the canvas must be straight without wrinkles that introduce unnecessary contrast.

One of the main techniques that make the green screen work is called keying. Let’s take a look at the keying process.

Keying

Keying means removing the green screen in the post-production phase with a video editing tool.

Make sure to check the best green screen editing tools!

When the green background is keyed, you are left with a transparent background. To this background, you can insert anything from images to videos. For example, you can insert an ocean or city view into the background.

There are two main ways to make the green screen transparent.

Chroma keying

Luma keying

In the next two sections, you will learn what these techniques mean.

Chroma Keying

Choma keying is the most common keying technique used in the post-processing of green and blue screens.

The idea is simple.

Each color has a chroma range called the chrominance value.

The chroma keying splits the video into separate layers based on the unique chrominance value of the video.

In other words, you can transform all the parts of the video (or image) of the specific chrominance value to the desired background.

Luma Keying

Another popular technique to make a green screen work is called luma keying.

Instead of controlling the transparency of the background based on the color, brightness is used instead.

In luma keying, the layer transparency is set based on the brightness (luminance) level.

Because the green screen is the brightest object on the set, the green layer becomes more transparent than the rest of the scene. This makes it possible to replace the background reliably with another scene or image.

The luma keying is a strategy used when editing still images.

Summary

A green screen is a popular technique to change the background of an image or a video.

Instead of traveling far to an appealing set, all you need is a studio with a green screen or green walls.

The green screen works so that:

The post-production team removes the green background from the view.

The background becomes transparent.

A new background layer is applied below the image or video.

To change the background, two popular techniques are used:

Chroma keying to remove the green background based on green’s unique chrominance value (color).

Luma keying to remove the green background based on the brightness levels.

The reason why green is used is that it’s a rare color that people seldomly wear. It’s also bright and requires less lighting which cuts costs. Other than that, there is nothing too specific about green. Sometimes blue screens are used too!

What Is Dropbox Paper And How Does It Compare?

Dropbox announced Dropbox Paper in 2023 and launched the product in 2023 as a new way to organize and collaborate with team members from anywhere in the world. Essentially, it wanted a piece of the online collaborative pie that has been held hostage predominantly by Google Drive and Office 365.

It’s been a long and winding road during a short period of time for Dropbox Paper. What is Dropbox Paper and has it held up to the competition or crashed and burned under the weight of its own hype?

Table of Contents

What Is Dropbox Paper?

Dropbox Paper is a collaborative editing service with drag and drop features. It’s incredibly flexible, allowing teams of all sizes to come together to create, review, revise, manage, and organize creative ideas. Think of it as a giant, virtual whiteboard that all members of a team can interact with simultaneously.

Paper has recently been integrated into Dropbox itself, no longer considering it to be a standalone service. This means you’ll need a Dropbox account to use Paper. However, anyone who is currently using Paper will retain all documents created, only now they will appear in Dropbox in a .paper format.

Dropbox Paper Versus Competitors

“When you come for the king, you had better not miss”. This phrase seems all too relevant when stacking up Dropbox Paper to Google Docs. In this comparison, Paper should have spent more time at the shooting range.

In all fairness, a direct comparison shouldn’t really be a discussion. Aside from collaboration efforts, they’re not even similar in most respects. Google Docs is a style and editing tool for word documents, whereas Paper represents something closer to collaborative note-taking software.

If anything, Dropbox Paper seems to imitate Evernote and Microsoft’s OneNote far more than anything you’d find on Google Drive.

Versus Evernote

Evernote is and was always meant to be a note-taking tool. You brainstorm an idea and Evernote provides a place for you to jot it down and save it for later. You can then categorize these notes with tags for organizational purposes.

Dropbox does things a little different. Saved documents are filed under folders. This is one of the similarities it has with the Google Docs and Microsoft. This system allows you to create as many folders within folders as you’d like. Quite a step up from Evernote’s limited depth.

Both options provide basic text formatting (bold, italics, bullet points, etc.) Where Evernote earns some points is the ability to support image editing through Skitch. Paper also requires a third-party editing service but does not directly support any which means you’re on your own with the search choices.

Both services have similar ways to share. Paper uses an Invite button whereas Evernote has a Share button. Both allow for permission control over who can edit and view.

When it comes to collaboration, Paper shines brightest. It allows you to draw the attention of a particular note through an @mention. You can then create to-do lists and assign individual tasks to the varying members of your team.

Both options are great but Evernote never had collaboration in mind during its creation. Though they share common ground for teams, Paper stands tall as the winner in this regard.

Versus Microsoft OneNote

OneNote lets you create notebooks. Inside each notebook, you’ve got sections to create text, audio, and image notes. You can also use tags to organize similar notes across all notebooks. Paper, as has been stated, uses a folder system.

OneNote crushes Paper in the formatting department, utilizing a ribbon-style interface not unlike Google Docs. With Paper, all you’ll get is the minimalistic pop-up with limited options. This is said to keep the UI uncluttered and more approachable, but it could do with a few more options.

Paper does not have these things. However, Paper is still better for collaboration needs. For a digital notebook that has a deep integration with Microsoft Office Suite, OneNote is your definitive option.

Who Is Dropbox Paper For?

Creators, collaborators, and presenters can all benefit from Dropbox Paper, albeit in small doses. It appears as an endless sheet of white paper and provides a large workspace for brainstorming and embedding varying forms of rich media including Trello, YouTube, Spotify, and Vimeo.

You’ll not only be able to add media but also make it interactive as well. This means you can use Dropbox Paper to create lesson plans for students or video and audio presentations for employees, and share a copy with every participant.

One of the cooler features of Paper that it has over its competitors is the checklist block. This feature allows you to create tasks, assign them to contributors, set a due date, and check them off as completed. It can be a slightly wonky feature as the tasks only appear for those they have been assigned to even though everyone is able to see the due date.

You can add Trello cards to Paper that will update in the document as they are updated on Trello. Any organization currently using this service may find this more beneficial to that of the checklist block.

What Is Computational Photography And Why Does It Matter?

What is computational photography?

Robert Triggs / Android Authority

The term computational photography refers to software algorithms that enhance or process images taken from your smartphone’s camera.

You may have heard of computational photography by a different name. Some manufacturers like Xiaomi and HUAWEI call it “AI Camera”. Others, like Google and Apple, boast about their in-house HDR algorithms that kick into action as soon as you open the camera app. Regardless of what it’s called, though, you’re dealing with computational photography. In fact, most smartphones use the same underlying image processing techniques.

Techniques and examples of computational photography

With the basic explanation out of the way, here’s how computational photography influences your photos every time you hit the shutter button on your smartphone.

Portrait mode

Super resolution zoom / Space zoom

Night mode / Night Sight

Replace the whole sky

Here’s a fun application of computational photography. Using the AI Skyscaping tool in Xiaomi’s MIUI Gallery app, you can change the color of the sky after you capture a photo. From a starry night sky to a cloudy overcast day, the feature uses machine learning to automatically detect the sky and replace it with the mood of your choice. Of course, not every option will give you the most natural look (see the third photo above), but the fact that you can achieve such an edit with just a couple of taps is impressive in its own right.

Face and Photo Unblur

Action pan and long exposure

A brief history of computational photography

Even though you may have only recently heard about it, computational photography has been around for several decades. However, we’ll only focus on the smartphone aspect of the technology in this article.

In 2013, the Nexus 5 debuted with Google’s now-popular HDR+ feature. At the time, the company explained that the HDR+ mode captured a burst of intentionally over- and under-exposed images and combined them. The result was an image that retained detail in both, shadows and highlights, without the blurry results you’d often get from traditional HDR.

Machine learning enabled features like night mode, panoramas, and portrait mode.

Apple eventually followed through with its own machine learning and computational photography breakthroughs on the iPhone XS and 11 series. With Apple’s Photonic Engine and Deep Fusion, a modern iPhone shoots nine images at once and uses the SoC’s Neural Engine to determine how to best combine the shots for maximum detail and minimum noise.

We also saw computational photography bring new camera features to mainstream smartphones. The impressive low-light capabilities of the HUAWEI P20 Pro and Google Pixel 3, for instance, paved the way for night mode on other smartphones. Pixel binning, another technique, uses a high-resolution sensor to combine data from multiple pixels into one for better low-light capabilities. This means you will only get a 12MP effective photo from a 48MP sensor, but with much more detail.

Do all smartphones use computational photography?

Most smartphone makers, including Google, Apple, and Samsung, use computational photography. To understand how various implementations can vary, here’s a quick comparison.

On the left is a photo shot using a OnePlus 7 Pro using its default camera app. This image represents OnePlus’ color science and computational photography strengths. On the right is a photo of the same scene, but shot using an unofficial port of the Google Camera app on the same device. This second image broadly represents the software processing you’d get from a Pixel smartphone (if it had the same hardware as the OnePlus 7 Pro).

Right off the bat, we notice significant differences between the two images. In fact, it’s hard to believe we used the same smartphone for both photos.

Looking at the darker sections of the image, it’s evident that Google’s HDR+ algorithm prefers a more neutral look as compared to OnePlus, where the shadows are almost crushed. There’s more dynamic range overall in the GCam image and you can nearly peer into the shed. As for detail, both do a decent job but the OnePlus does veer a tad bit into over-sharpened territory. Finally, there’s a marked difference in contrast and saturation between the two images. This is common in the smartphone industry as some users prefer vivid, punchy images that look more appealing at a glance, even if it comes at the expense of accuracy.

Even with identical hardware, different computational photography methods will yield different results.

This comparison makes it easy to see how computational photography improves smartphone images. Today, this technology is no longer considered optional. Some would even argue that it’s downright essential to compete in a crowded market. From noise reduction to tone mapping depending on the scene, modern smartphones combine a range of software tricks to produce vivid and sharp images that rival much more expensive dedicated cameras. Of course, all this tech helps photos look great, but learning to improve your photography skills can go a long way too. To that end, check out our guide to smartphone photography tips that can instantly improve your experience.

FAQs

No. Computational photography is a software-based technique used by smartphones to improve image quality. On the other hand, computer vision refers to using machine learning for detecting objects and faces through images. Self-driving cars, for example, use computer vision to see ahead.

Yes, iPhone embraced computational photography many years ago. With the iPhone XS and 11 series, Apple introduced the Smart HDR and Deep Fusion.

S2M Explains : What Is Applecare+ & Is It Worth It?

Whenever you buy a new Apple device, you will have the option to pay an additional fee for something known as “AppleCare+” The asking price for this offer isn’t insignificant, so is it really worth it?

Let’s look at what exactly Apple is selling with AppleCare+ and whether you’d be better off spending your money elsewhere.

Table of Contents

How Is AppleCare Different From The Standard AppleCare Warranty?

Apple devices generally come with a standard 1-year warranty which is simply referred to as “AppleCare”. But what is AppleCare?This warranty covers you against manufacturing defects and not against any sort of accidental damage. In other words, if Apple messed up and your device develops a problem, not due to your abuse, then they will fix or replace the device at no cost to you.

Some specific components are warrantied for longer than a year, depending on the device you have. For example, all MacBooks with the butterfly keyboard switch design have a keyboard warranty of four years from the date of purchase.

Similarly, certain MacBook models that suffer degradation of their anti-reflective screen coating are eligible for display replacements for up to four years from purchase as well.

AppleCare+ is often described as a sort of extended warranty. While it does extend the standard warranty, there’s quite a bit more to AppleCare+ than just a longer AppleCare period.

What Do You Get With AppleCare+?

During that extended time, you’ll get the full cover of the standard warranty. This means any manufacturing defect will be repaired for free. However, you also get two accidental event coverages, but these aren’t entirely free. You’ll pay a fixed amount for certain repairs, but nothing more than that. For example, if you break your iPhone screen the repair cost is $29.99 at the time of writing.

Apart from a longer standard warranty and heavily discounted repair bill, you can also add theft and loss coverage to iPhones by buying the more expensive AppleCare+ with Theft and Loss package. This is basically an insurance add-on that means you pay a fixed deductible amount if you need to claim for a new phone.

Apart from all this hardware coverage, AppleCare+ customers also get priority tech support for the full duration of the plan. Whereas you only get 90 days of complimentary coverage with a new Apple product.

AppleCare vs Insurance

Since AppleCare+ offers coverage for accidental damage, it means you need to compare it to other insurance options. For iPhone users, it’s even more appropriate since you can also pay for additional theft and loss coverage which is not included in standard AppleCare+.

The big difference here is that you pay a one-off fee for the protection plan. With insurance, you’ll pay a monthly coverage fee, which you can stop at any time. So you’ll have to compare the once-off cost against the total cost of insurance over the course of the number of years your AppleCare+ plan would cover the device. Be sure to also compare deductibles and the number of incidents covered.

It’s also worth remembering that the AppleCare+ price also includes other perks, such as warranty extension. So an apple-to-apples cost comparison isn’t really possible.

What Does AppleCare+ Cost?

There is no fixed answer to this question. Apple charges different amounts for its AppleCare+ coverage depending on the device and sometimes even the specific model. You can generally expect a price somewhere around the $200 mark, but you’ll need to confirm this for each individual case.

Do I Have to Buy it Immediately?

One of the biggest problems with AppleCare+ is that you are already spending a heap of money on your new Apple goodie and spending a few hundred bucks on something intangible is often a hard pill to swallow. Luckily, it has never been the case that you have to buy it right away.

Originally, iPhone users had 60 days from initial purchase to upgrade. Mac users had a full year to take the plunge, so it made sense to wait until the standard warranty is about to run out before buying AppleCare+. In 2023 Apple extended the same 1-year time period to iPhone users as well.

Eligibility varies by device and country, so be sure to use the official Apple Eligibility Checker to make sure how long you have to buy AppleCare+.

Arguments FOR AppleCare+

So what are some strong reasons to shell out for AppleCare+? Oddly enough, it turns out that the extension of the standard AppleCare warranty may very well be the most valuable aspect of the AppleCare+ offer after all.

Why? Well, insurance will cover accidental damage, loss, or theft, but it won’t cover device failures that are out of warranty. The sort that Apple will fix for free under warranty. These can be incredibly expensive. For example, if your MacBook’s logic board fails and needs to be replaced, it could cost more than $1,000! Often in these cases, people simply opt to buy a whole new laptop, but if you pay the (relatively) small AppleCare+ fee then that repair will cost you just about nothing.

The chances of that sort of component failure over the course of 2-3 years aren’t trivial. Especially with MacBooks, which run hot and have exhibited a whole host of issues over the years. Yes, if an issue is widespread then Apple will usually cover it regardless, but only AppleCare+ is going to cover your bad luck with getting a lemon off the assembly line.

The other major plus point may also surprise you, but it’s the included technical support. Having a direct line to Apple can be invaluable, especially if your device is essential for work purposes.

Arguments AGAINST AppleCare+

The weakest part of the AppleCare+ offering is the accidental repair coverage. You need to do some serious comparative shopping with third-party insurance companies.

Phone carriers often also offer in-house insurance for iPhones bought on contract. Your household insurance is likely to make you a better offer for similar coverage as this component of AppleCare+, so be sure to get some quotations before pulling the trigger on the Apple offering.

The Bottom Line

We think that, based on the extended warranty alone, AppleCare+ is worth it. The main reason for this is how tightly Apple controls the aftermarket repair industry of its products and how expensive out-of-warranty repairs can be. So getting 2-3 years of warranty coverage is well worth the asking price.

In normal use, Apple devices rarely give any trouble, but there are enough horror stories out there that this peace of mind is worth the price.

If you’re happy to roll the dice on Apple’s hardware quality, but don’t trust yourself not to accidentally damage or lose the unit, then it’s more likely you’ll get a better deal from a third-party insurer. Especially one you are already using for home insurance, which will net you better rates, where you aren’t subsidizing the behavior of other, riskier customers.

It also means you aren’t pre-paying for years of coverage you may not use if the phone gets sold or upgraded before the AppleCare+ period runs out.

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